Sinai insurgency

Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
Part of the Egyptian Crisis
Map of the Sinai Peninsula
Date 23 February 2011 – present (4 years, 2 months and 1 week) Location Sinai Peninsula, Egypt Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Egypt Egyptian Armed Forces Central Security Forces Homeland Security National Police Al-Tarabin tribe[1] Multinational Force and Observers[2] Border attack:  Israel[3]	Islamist militants Ansar Bait al-Maqdis[4] Bedouin tribesmen[5] Jund al Islam[6] Takfir wal-Hijra[7] Jama’at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad[8] Ansar al-Sharia[9] Mujahideen Shura Council[10] Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[11] Wilayat Sinai
Commanders and leaders
Sedki Sobhi Mohammed el-Shahat Osama Askar Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2012–14) Ahmed Wasfi (2012–14) Hussein Tantawi (2011–12) Sami Anan (2011–12)	Muhammad al-Zawahiri  (POW)[12] Abd El-Fattah Salem  (POW)[7] Fayez Abu-Sheta  †[13] Youssif Abo-Ayat  †[14] Saed Abo-Farih  †[14] Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader of ISIL) Abu Alaa Afri (Deputy Leader of ISIL)[15] Shadi el-Manaei
Strength
Unknown	~12,000 total militants[16]
Casualties and losses
Military: 187 soldiers killed 1 helicopter destroyed 1 tank destroyed 1 APC destroyed 3 IFVs destroyed CSF: 61 killed Police: 85 killed Homeland Security: 1 killed Total: 334 killed	1,280 militants killed
154 Egyptian, 7 Israeli, and 4 South Korean civilians killed Total: 1,762 killed

Sinai insurgency Operation Eagle August 2011 August 2012 September 2012 Operation Sinai Taba bombing October 2014 January 2015

Terrorism in Egypt Sadat assassination (1981) Ras Burqa (1985) Luxor (1997) Sinai (2004) Cairo (2005) Sharm el-Sheikh (2005) Dahab (2006) Cairo (2009) Khan el-Khalili (2009) Alexandria (2011) Sinai (2011–present) Sinai (2012) Kerdasa (2013) Mansoura (2013) Cairo (2014) Taba (2014) Al-Wadi Al-Gedid (2014) Sinai (2014) Sinai (2015)

Post-coup unrest in Egypt Coup d'état Unrest Republican Guard HQ Rabaa and Nahda 1st Kerdasa 2nd Kerdasa Al-Wadi Al-Gedid Bombings Mansoura Cairo Other incidents Post-coup attacks in the Sinai Taba, Feb 2014

Part of a series on the Egyptian Crisis (2011–14)
Main topics Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Sinai insurgency Military transitional junta 2012–13 Egyptian protests Egyptian Constitution of 2012 June 2013 Egyptian protests 2013 Egyptian coup d'état Post-coup unrest in Egypt
Elections Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2011 Egyptian parliamentary election, 2011–12 Egyptian Shura Council election, 2012 Egyptian presidential election, 2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012 Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2014 Egyptian presidential election, 2014 Egyptian parliamentary election, 2015
Background History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt Corruption in Egypt

The Sinai insurgency is the conflict ignited by Islamist militants in the Sinai Peninsula, which began after the start of the Egyptian Crisis, which saw the overthrow of longtime Egyptian dictator Hosni Mubarak in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 and the response from the interim Egyptian government after mid-2011, known as Operation Eagle and then Operation Sinai. The Sinai insurgency consisted of militants, largely composed of local Bedouin tribesmen, who exploited the chaotic situation in Egypt and weakened central authority to launch a series of attacks on government forces in Sinai.

In May 2013, following an abduction of Egyptian officers, violence in the Sinai surged once again. Following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, which resulted in the ousting of Islamist president Mohamed Morsi, "unprecedented clashes" have occurred.^[17] In 2014, elements of the Ansar Bait al-Maqdis group claimed allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and proclaimed themselves as the "Sinai Province". Militant attacks continued into 2015. Security officials say militants based in Libya have established ties with Sinai Province.^[18]

The fallout suffered by the locals as a result of the insurgency in Sinai ranges from militant operations and the state of insecurity to extensive military operations and the demolishing of hundreds of homes and evacuating thousands of residents as Egyptian troops pressed on to build a buffer zone meant to halt the smuggling of weapons and militants from and to the Gaza strip. A report, compiled by a delegation from the state-funded National Council for Human Rights (NCHR), stated that most of the displaced families share same grievances of palpable government negligence, unavailability of nearby schools for their sons and the lack of health services.^[19] Since the start of the conflict, dozens of civilians were killed either in military operations or kidnapped and then beheaded by militants.

Administratively, the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north.

Background

Sufism was previously dominant in the region before jihadi ideas began to take hold.^[20] The Sinai peninsula has long been known for its lawlessness, having historically served as a smuggling route for weapons and supplies. Security provisions in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty of 1979 have institutionalized a diminished security presence in the area, enabling militants to operate with a freer hand. Moreover, the limited government-directed investment and development in Sinai has discriminated against the local Bedouin population, a population that values tribal allegiance over all else. The combination of Sinai's harsh terrain and lack of resources have kept the area poor and hence ripe for militancy.^[21]

Following the January 2011 uprising that toppled Hosni Mubarak's regime, the country became increasingly destabilized, creating a security vacuum in the Sinai peninsula. Radical Islamic elements in Sinai exploited the opportunity, using the unique environment, in launching several waves of attacks upon Egyptian military and commercial facilities.

According to The Economist, the conflict also involves local armed Bedouin "who have long-standing grievances against the central government in Cairo" and that "they are barred from joining the army or police; they find it hard to get jobs in tourism; and they complain that many of their lands have been taken from them".^[5]

Since the ouster of the then Egyptian president Mohamed Moris in July 2013, militants intensified their attacks. They say they are retaliating against the government crackdown on Morsi's supporters, which has killed hundreds and thousands have been arrested.^[22]

History

2011

Attacks on commercial facilities

Following the Egyptian revolution in 2011, insurgency attacks increased and begin attacking the Arab Gas Pipeline, running into Jordan, Syria and Lebanon and its offshoot from al-Arish to Israel - constantly disrupting Egyptian gas supply to the entire region.

July 2011 Egyptian police station attack

On 30 July 2011, militants staged an attack on an Egyptian police station in El-Arish, killing six.^[23]

On 2 August 2011, a group claiming to be the Sinai wing of Al-Qaeda declared its intention to create an Islamic caliphate in the Sinai.^[24]

Operation Eagle

Operation Eagle was an Egyptian military campaign in the Sinai Peninsula that was launched on 14 August 2011 to confront Islamist insurgents and criminal gangs threatening Egypt's national security and to restore law and order.^[25] Islamist insurgents had been attacking the Egyptian security forces in the Sinai and using the area as a base from which to attack Israel since early 2011.

2012

August 2012 Sinai attack

On 5 August 2012, a group of armed men ambushed an Egyptian military base in the Sinai Peninsula, killing 16 Egyptian soldiers and stealing two Egyptian armored cars, and then infiltrated into Israel. The attackers rammed through the Kerem Shalom border crossing in Israel, while one of the vehicles exploded. The attackers then engaged in a firefight with soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces, and six attackers were killed during the firefight. No Israelis were injured.^[26] The attackers were dressed as Bedouins and attacked with guns and rocket-propelled grenades.^[27] 35 attackers took part in this attack on the Egyptian base.^[28][29]

Operation Sinai

The August 2012 attack on Egyptian armed forces triggered a crackdown, led by the Egyptian Army, Police special forces and the Air Force, sweeping the Sinai Peninsula for Jihadist militants.^[30] During the operation, 32 militants and suspects were killed and 38 arrested, while 2 civilians had been killed by early September 2012.^[31]

2013

May 2013 hostage crisis

On May 2013, a number of Egyptian Army police officers were taken hostage by armed tribesmen in the Sinai peninsula, with their videos released on the internet begging for their lives. As a response, Egypt’s government had built up security forces in northern Sinai as part of an effort to secure the release of six policemen and a border guard kidnapped by suspected militants. On 20–21 May, Egyptian troops and police, backed by helicopter gunships, conducted a sweep through a number of villages in northern Sinai, along the border with Israel.^[32] The officials said the forces came under fire from gunmen in vehicles, triggering the clashes. The clashes left one gunman dead by 21 May.^[32] The hostages were released on 22 May after talks between the captors and Bedouins.^[33] One suspect in the kidnapping was arrested on 30 May 2013.^[33]

July 2013 escalation following Morsi ousting

Since Mohamed Morsi's ouster on 3 July, there has been an increase in violence by armed Bedouin and Islamists.^[5][17] Attacks on security forces has been witnessing almost daily attacks since his ouster — leading many to link the militants there to the Muslim Brotherhood, the Islamist group from which Morsi hails.^[34]

In response, Egypt launched "Operation Sinai", bringing in two additional battalions.^[35]

In the two weeks since 3, 39 July terrorist attacks have occurred in North Sinai. In the resulting clashes between armed groups and security forces, 52 gunmen and civilians and six security personnel have died.^[36] On 15 July, witnessed the highest civilian casualties, when a bus transporting workers to the army-operated Al-Arish Cement Company was attacked. Five were killed and 15 were wounded. On 16 July, attacks resulted in some of the most intense army engagement, concentrated at Al-Masa'id, Al-Joura, and the Central Security camp at Al-Ahrash.^[36]

Security operations have been largely confined to the 40-kilometre area between Al-Arish and Sheikh Zuweid, extending northward toward Rafah along the border with Israel and up to the Karam Abu Salem crossing.^[36] Fighting intensifies between the gunmen and the joint army-police forces at night.^[36] The frequency of attacks has varied from two to five in a single day. In addition, targets have expanded from fixed security checkpoints to mobile patrols. In most operations, the gunmen use four-wheel drive vehicles and combinations of light and heavy weaponry. However, in three recent attacks RPG-7 launchers were used, most likely smuggled from Libya. The G-7 grenade is capable of penetrating armoured vehicles and is generally fired at the doors.^[36]

On 27 July, operation dubbed "Desert Storm" was launched by the Egyptian army in North Sinai Governorate and will last for 48 hours. Two of Egypt's field armies, as well as the country's Air Force and Navy are reportedly taking part in this large-scale operation. The military are said to be blocking all the roads, bridges and tunnels leading from Northern Sinai to other provinces of Egypt.^[37]

A bomb was placed at a hotel frequented by security officials on 2 August 2013, though it caused no injuries.^[38] A security source told the Egyptian newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm that a majority of "terrorists" had been arrested as of 3 August 2013.^[39] 2 mausoleums were bombed on 4 August 2013, though no injuries resulted.^[40]

25 Egyptian policemen died in an attack in the northern region of Sinai, on 18 August. After militants forced two mini-buses carrying off-duty policemen to stop, ordered the policemen out and forced them to lie on the ground before shooting them.^[41] The Egyptian military arrested eleven people, including five Hamas members, three local residents and three foreign nationals, for their alleged involvement in the killings.^[42] The person who committed the murders confessed on 1 September 2013.^[43]

Military spokesperson Ahmed Ali said that Egyptian security forces recent operations in Sinai, from 5 July to 23 August, resulted in: 78 suspected militants killed, including 32 foreigners; 116 people injured; and 203 people arrested, including 48 foreigners, for their alleged involvement in attacks on security checkpoints in the peninsula. Additionally 343 tunnels on the border between Egypt and Gaza at Rafah have been destroyed.^[44][45]

On 3 September, fifteen Islamist militants were killed in an attack by military helicopters.^[46]

On 7 September, the Egyptian army launched a new operation in the region. The operation involved tanks and at least six Apache helicopters. The army have been jamming communications to thwart militant coordination.^[47] The army combed through areas near the Gaza Strip, including locations used by militants suspect in the killing and abduction of Egyptian soldiers over the past year. In the three days of operations, since 7 September, one officer, two soldiers and 29 militants were killed, and 39 militants were arrested.^[48][49]

On 11 September, suicide bomber targeted Egyptian military intelligence headquarters in Rafah, bringing down the structure, at the same time a car bomb had rammed an army checkpoint. In the simultaneous attack at least nine soldiers were killed.^[48]

On 24 December, 16 were killed and over 134 injured in a huge bomb which hit the Daqahliya Security Directorate in Mansoura, in the worst attack on a government site since the ouster of Morsi in July. Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, a Sinai-based group, claimed responsibility for the attack. The group deemed Egyptian troops infidels because they answer to a "secular government", warning them to desert or face death.^[50][51]

2014

Over the few months leading to 2014, the Egyptian army gained the upper hand in the battle against militias that have found safe haven in the peninsula. After isolating and largely clearing the populated northeastern Sinai, the army put many militant factions on the defensive, most notably Ansar Bait al-Maqdis. However, one thousand armed militiamen are still sheltering in the main stronghold in Jabal Halal, as well as Jabal Amer area. Both were expected to be targeted in the presumed spring offensive.^[52]

On 26 January, Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, a militant group claimed responsibility for an escalating series of attacks on police and soldiers, and said in a statement posted on jihadist websites that it had succeeded in "downing a military helicopter with a surface-to-air missile and killing its entire crew in the area around the city of Sheikh Zuweid" in North Sinai, near the border with Gaza.^[53] Earlier that morning masked men in an SUV attacked a bus carrying soldiers in Sinai, killing at least three and injuring at least 11.^[53]

On 3 February, in what described as the biggest operation in the Egyptian army's ongoing offensive against militants in the Sinai, 30 suspected militants were killed and another 15 injured in a series of airstrikes and another 16 were arrested.^[54]

2014 Taba bus bombing

On 16 February 2014, a bomb exploded on or under a tour bus of a South Korean church group in the Egyptian city of Taba, which borders the Gulf of Aqaba and Eilat, Israel. The bombing killed 4 people – 3 South Koreans and the Egyptian bus driver – and injured 17 others.^[55] According to The New York Times, the bombing could "offer worrying new evidence that militants who have been attacking Egypt's security forces for months were broadening their campaign against civilians."^[56]

October 2014 Sinai attacks

On 24 October 2014, 31 army and police soldiers were killed in two separate attacks in North Sinai. The attack was the largest ever since the start of the war on terror in Sinai. As a result of the attack, president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi declared a state of emergency in the governorate after meeting with the National Defence Council for several hours. The state of emergency was to last for three months and to include a daily curfew from 5pm to 7am until further notice.^[57]

On 10 November 2014, Ansar Bait al-Maqdis pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) forming the "Sinai Province" group with a confusingly similar name to two Egyptian regional governments.^[58]

On 14 November 2014, ISIL published a video online that included footage of the group carrying out the October 2014 Sinai attacks.^[59]

2015

On 12 January 2015, group Sinai Province kidnapped a police officer while traveling in North Sinai and took him to an unknown location. In the following day on 13 January 2015, Egyptian military spokesperson announced the locating of the dead body of the officer after launching a search operation. He also said that during the operation 10 militants were killed, while 2 others were arrested.^[60]

On 26 January 2015, Sinai Province published a video online that included the kidnapping and execution of the police officer kidnapped on 12 January.^[61]

January 2015 Sinai attacks

On 29 January 2015, militants from the Sinai Province militant group launched a series of attacks on army and police bases in Arish using car bombs and mortars.^[62] The attacks, which occurred in more than six different locations, resulted in 32 confirmed deaths including army personnel and civilians.^[63]

Security response

It was reported that on 6 February 2015 Egyptian security forces attacked the Sinai Province group, killing 47 Islamic militants in Northern Sinai.^[64]

On 10 March 2015, a suicide attack on a police barracks using a water tanker was stopped after security forces opened fire on the water tanker causing it to explode before it could get into the barracks. One civilian near the scene was killed and two others wounded in the blast, alongside dozens of wounded policemen.^[65]

On 2 April 2015, an attack on an army checkpoint resulted in the death of 15 soldiers, 2 civilians and 15 attackers. As a response to the attack, the Egyptian army launched an operation the following day allegedly killing 100 militants.^[66][67][68]

On 8 April 2015, eleven civilians were killed in Sheikh Zuweid when an unidentified rocket-propelled grenade hit their homes.^[69]

On 12 April 2015, 6 soldiers were killed when their armoured vehicle was bombed in North Sinai. On the same day, a separate attack on a police station in Arish resulted in the death of 5 policemen and 1 civilian. The attack on the station was carried out by a suicide bomber using a bomb-laden vehicle. Militant group Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis has claimed responsibility for the attacks.^[70]

On 27 April 2015, members from Al-Tarabin tribe in North Sinai launched an attack on Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis positions in Rafah.^[71] The attack came after Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis gunmen fatally shot a member of Al-Tarabin tribe in Berth village in southern Rafah, North Sinai, after he refused to take their warning statements ordering them not to deal with the Egyptian military.^[72]

Areas of insurgency

According to Reuters, as of 2013, Ansar Bait al-Maqdis was in control of about a third of the villages in Sinai.^[73] Now, daily clashes with militants in North Sinai are reported by the army.^[22] The insurgency has not spread to south Sinai, where there are tourist hubs. In the northeastern part of the peninsula, checkpoints have often been established by militants as the army lack the power to stop them. The militants have captured and assassinated policemen there.^[74]

Outside of Sinai

On 24 December 2013, sixteen people were killed and over a hundred people injured in a huge bomb which hit the Daqahliya Security Directorate in Mansoura. Ansar Bait al-Maqdis claimed responsibility for the attack.^[50]

On 5 August 2014, 5 policemen were killed in an attack on a police car on Matrouh road by armed militants.^[75]

On 28 November 2014, the militant group Sinai Province claimed responsibility for the killing of 2 army personnel in Cairo and Qaliubiya.^[76][77]

On 1 December 2014, Ansar Bait al-Maqdis claimed responsibility for killing a United States citizen in Egypt's western desert in August 2014.^[78]

On 21 December 2014, the Egyptian police raided an Ansar Beit Al-Maqdis cell in the Nile Delta killing 5 members.^[79]

On 26 December 2014, two Ansar Bait al-Maqdis militants were killed in a gunfight in El-Salam City, on the eastern outskirts of Cairo.^[80] The Ministry of Interior later identified one of the dead militants as the commander of Ansar Beit El-Maqdis in the Nile Delta.

In the Gaza Strip

Out of the approximately 15 main militant groups operating in the Sinai desert, the most dominant and active militant groups have close relations with the Gaza Strip.^[81] The Army of Islam, a U.S. designated terrorist organization based in the Gaza Strip, is responsible for training and supplying many militant organizations and jihadist members in Sinai.^[81] Mohammed Dormosh, the Army of Islam's leader, is known for his close relationships to the Hamas leadership.^[81] The Army of Islam smuggles members into the Gaza Strip for training, then returns them to the Sinai Peninsula to engage in terrorist and jihadist activities.^[82]

Forces and strategy

The disposition of Egyptian forces in Sinai peninsula mandated by the Camp David Accords and monitored by the 1,600 foreign troops that make up the Multinational Force and Observers. Egypt is permitted only enough forces in Sinai to enforce security.^[83]

With Israeli approval, in 2011 Egypt sent additional 2,500 troops and 250 armored personnel, with helicopters as part of Operation Eagle, a mission to provide security during the power transition from then-recently fallen Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.^[83] Operation Eagle was joined by Operation Sinai in 2012, which came in response to a militant attack against an Egyptian border post 5 August that killed 16 border guards. Together, the two operations increased the total troop count by more than 2,500 added 80 vehicles and at least two attack helicopters. Egypt also was allowed to deploy armed fighter jets to El Arish to assist its ground forces in Sinai.^[83][84]

Egypt's expanded force structure in Sinai is designed to deny militants sanctuary by bringing more force to bear than the municipal police alone can provide. Many of the new forces are stationed in the northeast of Sinai along the Egyptian border with Gaza. Setting up roadblocks and checkpoints to monitor and inspect traffic transiting the Sinai Peninsula to counter this smuggling.^[83]

In the October 2014 attacks, the militants used for the first time in Sinai, suicide truck bombs to breach army roadblocks and strongpoints, then follow it with an infantry attack.

After the October attacks, the Egyptian military began using armed drones for the first time since the Sinai insurgency began.^[85] And as a measure to counter weapon and militant trafficking between Egypt and Gaza strip, the Egyptian government announced the creation of a buffer zone along the Egypt-Gaza border.^[86]

Following the attacks on army and police bases in Arish in early 2015, the Egyptian President issued a decree to create a unified military command for the east of the Suez Canal to combat terrorism. Led by General Osama Roshdy Askar, it will guide counter-terrorism activities of the Second and Third army.^[87]

On 27 April 2015, Egypt's Prime Minister Ibrahim Mahlab issued a decree ordering the isolation and evacuation of new areas in North Sinai's Rafah city, thus expanding the buffer zone.^[88]

Reactions

Israel

In the two years since 2011, Israel has approved two Egyptian military increases in the Sinai Peninsula above levels set in the Camp David Accords, which mandates that the Sinai must remain demilitarized, with only enough forces in Sinai to enforce security.^[83][84][89] Israel did so because it is not in its interest to have unrest in Sinai, whether political protests or militant violence.^[83]

However in late 2012, concern began to be raised as Egypt began deploying more force and tanks without coordination from Israel. On 21 August, Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman said that it is important for Israel to make sure that the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty is upheld, and not to remain silent as Egyptian military forces enter the Sinai. Concern was raised by Israeli officials over Egyptian failure to notify Israel about the deployment of tanks in the Sinai, which violates the peace treaty. Lieberman said, "We must make sure that every detail is upheld, otherwise we'll find ourselves in a slippery slope as far as the peace treaty is concerned."^[90]

On the same day, Israeli daily Maariv reported that Israel sent a message to Egypt via the White House, protesting Egypt's ongoing increase in military presence in the Sinai without coordination from Israel, and telling Egypt that it must remove tanks from the Sinai because their presence violates the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty of 1979, which states that Sinai Peninsula is to remain demilitarized. The Israeli daily Maariv reported was reinforced by an article in The New York Times, which stated that Israel was "troubled" by the entry of Egyptian tanks into the northern Sinai Peninsula without coordination with Israel and had asked Egypt to withdraw them.^[91] Partly due to Egypt's military deploying tanks in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel is increasingly worried about what has long been their most critical regional relationship.^[92] The lack of coordination around their deployment is seen as potentially undermining a peace treaty that has been a cornerstone of Israel’s security for decades according to the New York Times.^[92] Israel is also concerned that Egypt may use Operation Eagle to build up its military presence in the Sinai, and leave the tanks and armored carriers in the Sinai while not doing much more than symbolic action to eliminate the terrorist threat.^[93]

Israel has not issued a formal complaint, and instead prefers to resolve the issue through quiet contacts, as well as mediation from the U.S., to avoid straining its relationship with Egypt.^[94]

On 24 August 2012, a senior Egyptian military source said that Egyptian Defense Minister Abdel Fattah el-Sissi and Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak have reached an agreement on the issue of the militarization of the Sinai. Al Hayat reported that Sissi phoned Barak and said that Egypt was committed to maintaining the peace treaty with Israel.^[95] Sissi also said that the militarization was temporary, and was needed for security and to fight terrorism. However, an Israeli defense official denied that such a conversation took place.^[96]

In late August 2012, Morsi said that the security operations do not threaten anyone, and "there should not be any kind of international or regional concerns at all from the presence of Egyptian security forces". Morsi added that the campaign was in "full respect to international treaties. The Egyptian-Israeli peace deal places limits on Egyptian military deployment in the Sinai. Officials in Israel were concerned about Egypt building up heavy armour in Sinai.^[97]

On 8 September 2012, an Israeli official confirmed that coordination exists between Israel and Egypt regarding Operation Eagle. Egyptian Military spokesman Ahmed Mohammed Ali had earlier announced that Egypt has been consulting with Israel regarding its security measures in the Sinai.^[98]

United States

According to CNN, in a move to increase security in the Sinai, help Morsi, and reassure Israel, U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta offered Egypt classified intelligence-sharing capabilities to help Egypt identify military threats in the area, which he discussed during his recent trips to Egypt and Israel. The technology has been widely used in Iraq and Afghanistan to identify vehicles at great distances. The technology may also be used by the Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai. The United States is also offering increased intelligence sharing, including satellite imagery and drone flights, as well as cellphone intercepts and other communications among militants suspected of plotting attacks.^[99]

On 22 August 2012, the State Department urged Egypt to be transparent over Operation Eagle and any security operations in the Sinai. The State Department said that the United States supports Operation Eagle against terrorism, but stressed that Egypt must continue coordination with Israel regarding these operations and military increases in the Sinai, according to the 1979 Camp David Accords.^[100] The State Department also called on Egypt to fulfill its obligations under the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and deal strongly with security threats in the Sinai, while ensuring that "lines of communication stay open."^[101]

On 23 August 2012, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, speaking with Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr, urged Amr to maintain lines of communication with Israel, and emphasized the importance of being transparent over the militarization of the Sinai.^[94]

Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai

The Multinational Force and Observers in Sinai, a 1,650-strong international organization created in 1979 during the Camp David Accords with peacekeeping responsibilities, kept a low profile during the intensification of Operation Eagle in 2012. A representative for the organization said that "we are unable to respond to queries from the media at this time" in response to whether Egypt asked permission to move weaponry into the Sinai, and whether Israel granted it.^[102]

Jordan

The Egyptian pipeline carrying natural gas to Jordan, has been attacked at least 15 times since the start of the uprising in early 2011.^[103] The lack of Egyptian gas hit Jordan budget severely (by JD 1.4 billion or the equivalent of USD 2 billion yearly for the past two years) and they are looking for Egypt compensation for the lost quantities.^[104]

Other

A Mada Masr journalist questioned the accuracy of Interior Ministry reports on at least two accusations.^[105] A CBS journalist named Clarissa Ward went in undercover to the Sinai and saw evidence of a scorched earth policy.^[106]

Casualties

2011

• 30 July 2011 - 6 Egyptian security forces killed.
• 14 August–September 2011, Operation Eagle: 1 Islamist militant and 2 civilians killed.
  • 15 August 2011 - 1 Islamist militant killed, 6 captured.
  • 17 August 2011 - 2 Bedouins killed in unclear circumstances.
• 18 August 2011 - 6 Israeli civilians and two soldiers and 5 Egyptian soldiers killed, as well as 10 attackers.

2012

March

• 27 March 2012 - 2 smugglers killed.^[107]

April

• 15 April 2012 - 2 policemen killed.^[108]

May

• 2 May 2012 - 1 policemen killed.^[109]
• 19 May 2012 - 1 tribe chief killed.^[110]

June

• 4 June 2012 - 1 policeman killed.^[111]
• 18 June 2012, 1 Israeli civilian killed and 2 wounded by an attack on Israeli-Egyptian border fence.^[112]

August

• 5 August 2012 - 16 Egyptian soldiers and 8 militants killed.
• 7 August 2012, Operation Sinai (2012) - 32 militants and suspects killed, 38 arrested; 2 civilians killed (by early September 2012).
  • 8 August 2012 – 20 militants killed in Sinai.
  • 12 August 2012 – 7 suspected militants killed.
  • 13 August 2012 – Armed men shot dead tribal leader Khalaf Al-Menahy and his son.^[113]
  • 29 August 2012 – Egyptian Army tanks and helicopters attack Jihadi cells, resulting in 11 dead militants and 23 more taken prisoner with no reported military casualties.^[114]

September

• 16 September 2012 - 1 Egyptian soldier killed.^[115]
• 21 September 2012 - 1 Israeli soldier and 3 militants killed.

November

• 3 November 2012 - 3 policemen killed.^[116]

2013

April

• 16 April 2013 - 1 policeman killed.^[117]

May

• 7 May 2013 - 1 civilian killed.^[118]
• 21 May 2013 - 1 militant killed.^[119]

July

• June–July 2013 - 1 Egyptian soldier and 20 gunmen killed in clashes.^[17]
• 3 July to 15 July 2013 - Following the ouster of Islamist President Morsi, 8 policemen, 2 Christians, one a priest, and five civilians have been killed in attacks by Islamist militants in the Sinai peninsula.^[16][120]
• 16–17 July 2013 - 10 militants killed.^[121]
• 17 July 2013 - 3 policemen killed.^[122]
• 18 July 2013 - 1 policeman killed.^[123]
• 19 July 2013 - 2 civilians killed.^[124]
• 21 July 2013 - 2 civilians, 2 officers, and 2 policemen killed.^[125]
• 22 July 2013 - 1 civilian killed.^[126]
• 24 July 2013 - 2 soldiers and 3 jihadists killed.^[127]
• 26 July 2013 - 1 civilian killed.^[128]
• 27–28 July 2013 - 10 militants killed.^[129]
• 28 July 2013 - 1 officer killed.^[130]
• 29 July 2013 - 4 soldiers killed.^[131]
• 30 July 2013 - 1 soldier killed.^[132]

August

• 2 August 2013 - 1 policeman killed.^[38]
• 5 August 2013 - 1 soldier killed.^[133]
• 7 August 2013 - 1 civilian killed.^[134]
• 9 August 2013 - 4 militants killed.^[135]
• 11 August 2013 - 12 militants killed.^[136]
• 14 August 2013 - 2 policemen and 1 army colonel killed.^[137][138]
• 15 August 2013 - 8 soldiers killed by insurgents near Arish.^[139]
• 17 August 2013 - 6 people killed.^[140]
• 18 August 2013 - 1 soldier killed.^[141]
• 19 August 2013 - 25 off service unarmed Central Security Forces soldiers were ambushed and executed by insurgents.^[142]
• 30 August 2013 - 3 militants,^[143] 2 policemen^[144] and one police chief were killed in separate attacks.^[145]

September

• 3 September 2013 - 15 militants killed.^[46]
• 4 September 2013 - 2 conscripts killed.^[146]
• 7 September 2013 - At least 31 militants killed.^[147]
• 11 September 2013 - 6 soldiers killed.^[148]
• 30 September 2013 - 3 policemen, 1 soldier, and 1 civilian killed.^[138]

October

• 7 October 2013 - A car bomb killed three police officers in southern Sinai, hours after masked gunmen shot dead six soldiers in a patrol car outside the Suez Canal city of Ismailiya.^[149]
• 10 October 2013 - A suicide bomber rammed his explosives-laden car into a checkpoint outside the city of al-Arish in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, killing three soldiers and a policeman.^[150]
• 17 October 2013 - 6 militants killed.^[151]
• 18 October 2013 - 1 policeman killed.^[152]
• 21 October 2013 - 1 civilian killed.^[153]
• 22 Oct 2013 - One officer and a civilian driver killed.^[154]
• 23 October 2013 - 1 soldier killed.^[155]

November

• 6 November 2013 - 1 soldier killed^[156] and 3 Islamist militants killed.^[157]
• 7 November 2013 - 8 militants killed.^[158]
• 13 November 2013 - 2 militants killed.^[159]
• 14 November 2013 - 3 militants and two policeman killed.^[160][161]
• 15 November 2013 - 1 policeman killed.^[155]
• 16 November 2013 - 1 police officer shot dead in North Sinai.^[161]
• 20 November 2013 - 11 soldiers killed near el-Arish.^[162]
• 30 November 2013 - 3 militants killed.^[163]

December

• 9 December 2013 - Leading member of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis, Abu Suhaib, killed while shooting at police,^[164] 22 suspected militants captured.^[165]
• 10 December 2013 - Wanted Ansar Bait al-Maqdis militant, Abdulrahman Salama Salem Abu Eita captured.^[166]
• 13 December 2013 - Wanted Islamist militant, Ahmed Ahmeed Abu Sreig killed.^[167]
• 15 December 2013 - Wanted Islamist militant, Nesar Sabah Robaa Saleh, killed in Al-Arish.,^[168] 40 suspected captured.^[169]
• 16 December 2013 - Wanted militant named Abu Khaled was killed, 7 wanted militants and 20 suspected militants captured.^[170]
• 17 December 2013 - Wanted Islamist killed in Sinai.^[171]
• 18 December 2013 - 2 militants killed, 12 militants captured.^[172]
• 19 December 2013 - Two militants killed.^[173]
• 20 December 2013 - Two soldiers ^[174] and 3 militants killed.^[175]
• 22 December 2013 - 4 militants killed, 4 suspected militants captured.^[176]
• 24 December 2013 - 14 police officers killed, 2 civilians killed in an attack on a major police station.^[50]

2014

January

• 4 January 2014 - 1 soldier killed.^[177]
• 13 January 2014 - 2 militants killed by their own bomb;^[178] approximately 5 militants killed in unclear circumstances.^[179]
• 16 January 2014 - 1 militant killed.^[180]
• 17 January 2014 - 13 militants killed.^[181]
• 18 January 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[182]
• 19 January 2014 - 1 militant killed.^[183]
• 25 January 2014 - 5 soldiers killed in attack on helicopter.^[184]
• 26 January 2014 - 4 soldiers killed.^[185]
• 29 January 2014 - 10 militants killed.^[186]
• 30 January 2014 - 7 militants ^[187] and one police officer killed.^[188]
• 31 January 2014 - 13 militants killed.^[189]

February

• 1 February 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[190]
• 3 February 2014 - 30 militants killed.^[54]
• 7 February 2014 - 20 militants killed.^[191]
• 9 February 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[191]
• 16 February 2014 - 4 civilians (including 3 South Koreans) killed in the 2014 Taba bus bombing.^[192]
• 20 February - 10 militants killed.^[193]
• 21–23 February - 14 militants killed.^[194]

March

• 1 March - 10 militants killed.^[195]
• 6 March - 1 policeman killed.^[196]
• 11 March - 7 militants killed.^[197]
• 17 March - 3 militants killed.^[198]
• 24 March - 3 militants killed.^[199]
• 30 March 2014 - 1 soldier killed.^[200]

April

• 1 April 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[201]
• 3 April 2014 - 1 CSF officer killed.^[202]
• 5 April 2014. - 4 militants killed.^[203]
• 11 April 2014 - 1 militant killed.^[204]
• 13 April 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[205]
• 16 April 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[206]
• 24 April 2014 - 6 militants killed.^[207]
• 27 April 2014 - 1 militant killed.^[208]
• 29 April 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[209]

May

• 1 May 2014 - 5 militants killed.^[210]
• 2 May 2014 - 2 killed in suicide bombing in El-Tor; 1 killed in suicide bombing near Sharm el-Sheikh.^[211]
• 11 May 2014 - 1 army conscript killed in shooting in Sheikh Zuweid.^[212]
• 14 May 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[213]
• 20 May 2014 - 6 militants killed.^[214]
• 22 May 2014 - 3 militants killed by suspected tribesmen.^[215]
• 23 May 2014 - 1 CSF officer killed.^[216]
• 28 May 2014 - 1 soldier killed.^[217]

June

• 5 June 2014 - 7 militants killed.^[218]
• 8 June 2014 - 1 civilian killed.^[219]
• 11 June 2014 - 1 soldier killed.^[220]
• 16 June 2014 - 8 extremists killed.^[221]
• 21 June 2014 - 8 militants killed.^[222][223]
• 22 June 2014 - 19 militants killed.^[222]
• 28 June 2014 - Militants killed four members of the Central Security Forces.^[224] Armed assailants shot at a police officer in his car in Al-Arish. Two men accompanying the officer were killed while he survived unscathed.^[225]

July

• 3 July 2014 - A raid carried out by the Egyptian army in North Sinai killed 17 Islamic militants.^[226]
• 9 July 2014 - 1 soldier killed.^[227]
• 14 July 2014 - 1 soldier and 7 civilians, including two children, were killed in two separate mortar attacks.^[228]
• 15 July 2014 - 7 militants ^[229] and one soldier killed.^[230]
• 18 July 2014 - 1 police officer killed.^[231]
• 21 July 2014 - 2 tribal leaders killed.^[232]
• 22 July 2014 - 1 security guard killed.^[233]
• 23 July 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[234]
• 24 July 2014 - 3 militants killed including Khaled el-Manaei brother of Shadi el-Manaei.^[235]
• 25 July 2014 - 2 CSF officers killed.^[236]
• 26 July 2014 - 12 militants were killed during an Egyptian Army raid near Sheikh Zuweid,^[237] while 4 children were killed in Rafah due to a rocket attack by suspected militants.^[238]
• 27 July 2014 - 14 militants killed by Egyptian security forces during raids on their hideouts in Sheikh Zuweid and Rafah.^[239]
• 29 July 2014 - A girl was killed by a rocket.^[240]

August

• 3 August 2014 - 5 militants killed in a military operation, during which security forces managed to destroy many of the militants' vehicles.^[241] A six-year-old boy was killed when a rocket that was meant to target a security convoy hit his house, injuring four others.^[242]
• 4 August 2014 - 11 militants were killed during a military raid in several districts of North Sinai near the border with Israel. Three tunnels and a number of vehicles were destroyed in the process.^[243]
• 8 August 2014 - 11 militants killed.^[244]
• 11 August 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[245]
• 12 August 2014 - 9 alleged militants were killed by Egyptian army troops in North Sinai.^[246]
• 12 August 2014 - Two militants killed.^[247]
• 14 August 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[248]
• approximately 18 August 2014 - 4 civilians killed.^[249]
• 19 August 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[250]
• 20 August 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[251]
• 24 August 2014 - 14 militants killed.^[252]
• 31 August 2014 - 2 militants and one civilian killed. One of the militants was Fayez Abu-Sheta the key suspect in the kidnapping of a number of security personnel last year.^[13]

September

• 1 September 2014 - 6 militants killed.^[253]
• 2 September 2014 - 11 policemen^[254] and 7 militants killed.^[255]
• 3 September 2014 - 1 policeman killed.^[256]
• 5 September 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[257]
• 8 September 2014 - 1 police officer killed.^[258]
• 9 September 2014 - 2 militants^[259] and one civilian killed.^[260]
• 11 September 2014 - 1 civilian killed.^[261]
• 12 September 2014 - 1 army conscript killed.^[262]
• 13 September 2014 - 6 militants killed.^[263]
• 14 September 2014 - 4 militants killed.^[263]
• 16 September 2014 - 6 police killed.^[264]
• 19 September 2014 - A decapitated man was found in Sheikh Zuweid.^[265]
• 20 September 2014 - 1 militant killed.^[266]
• 21 September 2014 - 1 police officer killed.^[267]
• 22 September 2014 - 7 militants killed.^[268]
• 23 September 2014 - 4 militants killed.^[269]
• Approximately 26 September 2014 - 1 civilian killed.^[270]
• 27 September 2014 - 18 militants killed.^[271]

October

• 1 October 2014 - 7 militants killed.^[272]
• 2 October 2014 - 1 militant commander killed.^[273]
• 3 October 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[274]
• 5 October 2014 - Three people beheaded and one shot to death by Ansar Bait al-Maqdis.^[275]
• 6 October 2014 - A 13-year old boy was killed by an IED.^[276]
• 7 October 2014 - 17 militants killed.^[277]
• 9 October 2014 - 15 militants killed.^[278]
• 10 October 2014 - Shehata Farhan a top member of Ansar Bait al-Maqdis was killed.^[279]
• 12 October 2014 - 3 dead bodies found south of Al Arish city.^[280]
• 16 October 2014 - 3 policemen killed in a RPG attack.^[281]
• 17 October 2014 - Ansar Bait al-Maqdis leader captured in Arish^[282] and 3 killed in an IED attack.^[283]
• 18 October 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[284] 3 officers killed while destroying an underground tunnel.^[285]
• 19 October 2014 - 7 army officers killed.^[286]
• 21 October 2014 - 1 civilian killed.^[287]
• 22 October 2014 - 2 Israeli soldiers injured.^[288]
• 24 October 2014 - 33 security personnel killed.^[289]
• 26 October 2014 - 7 militants killed.^[290][291]
• 30 October 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[292]
• 31 October 2014 - 7 military personnel injured^[293] and 1 civilian killed.^[294]

November

• 3 November 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[295]
• 6 November 2014 - 4 civilians killed.^[296]
• 7 November 2014 - 5 militants killed.^[297]
• 8 November 2014 - 8 militants killed.^[298]
• 13 November 2014 - 3 soldiers and 2 police killed.^[299]
• 14 November 2014 - 5 militants killed.^[300]
• 15 November 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[301]
• 18 November 2014 - 7 civilians and 3 militants killed.^[302]
• 21 November 2014 - 2 militants killed in an explosion, while 5 other militants were killed in security raids.^[303]
• 22 November 2014 - 10 militants killed.^[304]
• 23 November 2014 - 11 militants and 1 policeman killed.^[305][306]
• 25 November 2014 - 5 militants killed.^[307]
• 26 November 2014 - 3 policemen^[308] and 9 militants killed.^[309]
• 27 November 2014 - 3 civilians found dead.^[310]
• 28 November 2014 - 6 army personnel injured.^[311]

December

• 2 December 2014 - 6 civilians found dead.^[312]
• 4 December 2014 - 2 civilians found dead.^[313]
• 10 December 2014 - 5 militants killed.^[314]
• 12 December 2014 - 17 militants killed.^[315]
• 14 December 2014 - 2 police officers killed.^[316]
• 15 December 2014 - 3 militants killed.^[317]
• 17 December 2014 - 5 militants killed.^[318]
• 18 December 2014 - 9 militants killed.^[319]
• 19 December 2014 - 1 militants killed.^[320]
• 20 December 2014 - 6 militants killed.^[321]
• 21 December 2014 - 7 militants ^[322] and 4 civilians killed.^[323]
• 25 December 2014 - 1 militant killed.^[324]
• 26 December 2014 - 2 army personnel killed.^[325]
• 28 December 2014 - 2 militants killed.^[326]

2015

January

• 2 January 2015 - 1 militant killed.^[327]
• 4 January 2015 - 1 soldier killed.^[328]
• 10 January 2015 - 2 civilians found dead.^[329]
• 12 January 2015 - 7 civilians found dead.^[330]
• 13 January 2014 - Kidnapped police officer found dead.^[331] and 5 civilians killed.^[332]
• 14 January 2015 - 7 militants killed.^[333]
• 15 January 2015 - 1 army officer and 3 civilians killed.^[334][335]
• 16 January 2015 - 1 civilian killed.^[336]
• 19–20 January 2015 - 4 militants killed.^[337]
• 26 January 2015 - 3 militants killed and 3 civilians found dead.^[338][339]
• 29 January 2015 - 44 killed including 24 soldiers, 14 civilians and 6 policemen; 1 civilian found dead; 2 militants killed.^{[340][341][342]}
• 30 January 2015 - 2 civilians^[343] and 3 militants killed.^[344]

February

• 1 February 2015 - 3 civilians killed.^[345]
• 2 February 2015 - 1 civilian killed.^[346]
• 3 February 2015 - 8 militants killed.^[347]
• 5 February 2015 - 1 conscript killed.^[348]
• 6 February 2015 - 47 militants killed^[64] and 1 civilian killed.^[349]
• 9 February 2015 - 1 civilian killed.^[350]
• 10 February 2015 - 15 militants killed.^[351]
• 11 February 2015 - 3 militants killed.^[352]
• 13 February 2015 - 18 militants killed.^[353]
• 16 February 2015 - 6 militants killed.^[354]
• 18 February 2015 - 5 militants killed^[355] and 1 civilian killed.^[356]
• 25 February 2015 - 38 militants killed.^[357]
• 28 February 2015 - 28 militants killed^[358] and 1 civilian killed.^[359]

According to an official army spokesman statement, a total of 173 militants were killed in February 2015.^[360]

March

• 2 March 2015 - 8 militants killed.^[361]
• 3 March 2015 - 11 militants killed.^[362]
• 5 March 2015 - 15 militants killed.^[363]
• 6 March 2015 - 10 militants killed.^[364]
• 7 March 2015 - 15 militants killed.^[365]
• 9 March 2015 - 3 policemen killed.^[366]
• 10 March 2015 - 1 army officer and 1 civilian killed in two separate attacks;^[367] 9 militants killed.^[368]
• 11 March 2015 - 1 army officer killed^[369] and 11 militants killed.^[370]
• 12 March 2015 - 5 civilians found dead.^[371]
• 13 March 2015 - 19 militants killed.^[372]
• 16 March 2015 - 3 civilians found dead.^[371]
• 17 March 2015 - 9 militants killed^[373] and 1 civilian found dead.^[374]
• 19 March 2015 - 28 militants killed.^[375]
• 20 March 2015 - 8 militants killed.^[376]
• 21 March 2015 - 10 militants killed.^[377]
• 22 March 2015 - 7 militants killed.^[378]
• 24 March 2015 - 2 soldiers and a policeman killed.^[379]
• 25 March 2015 - 7 militants killed.^[380]
• 28 March 2015 - 3 militants killed.^[381]
• 30 March 2015 - 6 militants killed.^[382]
• 31 March 2015 - 3 militants killed.^[383]

April

• 2 April 2015 - 16 soldiers, 2 civilians and 15 militants killed.^[66][384]
• 4 April 2015 - 35 militants killed.^[385]
• 8 April 2015 - 10 militants,^[386] 2 policemen and 11 civilians killed.^[69][387]
• 12 April 2015 - 6 soldiers,^[388] 5 policemen and 1 civilian killed.^[70]
• 13 April 2015 - 1 conscript killed.^[389]
• 16 April 2015 - 1 soldier and 3 militants killed.^[390]
• 17 April 2015 - 10 militants killed.^[391]
• 20 April 2015 - 3 policemen,^[392] 2 civilians^[393] killed.
• 26 April 2015 - 17 militants killed.^[394]

See also

• Arab Spring
• Arab Winter
• Military intervention against ISIL
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

References

Further reading

• Zack Gold, Security in the Sinai: Present and Future (International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague, 2014)

External links

• Egyptian Armed Forces

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Ongoing armed conflicts Africa ADF insurgency Central African Republic conflict Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in the Maghreb Islamist insurgency in Nigeria Ituri conflict Katanga insurgency Kivu conflict Libyan Crisis 2014 Civil War Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Northern Mali conflict Ogaden insurgency Ethnic violence in South Sudan South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Sudanese nomadic conflicts Somali Civil War War in Somalia Second Afar Insurgency War in Darfur Americas Chiapas conflict Colombian conflict Mexican Drug War Peruvian internal conflict East and South Asia Balochistan conflict Communist insurgency in the Philippines Insurgency in Northeast India Assam Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Internal conflict in Bangladesh Internal conflict in Burma Kachin Rohingya Kashmir conflict Moro insurgency in the Philippines Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Papua conflict South Thailand insurgency War in Afghanistan against the Taliban War in North-West Pakistan Xinjiang conflict Europe War in Donbass Insurgency in the North Caucasus War in Ingushetia West Asia Iraqi insurgency Israeli–Palestinian conflict Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran-PJAK conflict Lebanese conflict Sinai insurgency Syrian civil war Turkey-PKK conflict Yemeni Crisis civil war Al-Qaeda South Yemen

List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1910s World War I Middle Eastern theatre Arab Revolt Armenian Genocide Assyrian Genocide Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Turkish War of Independence Greco-Turkish War Turkish–Armenian War Franco-Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco-Syrian War Iraqi revolt against the British Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi–Yemeni War Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935–36 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim Rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo-Iraqi War Syria–Lebanon Campaign Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Egyptian Student Riots Alwaziri coup Al-Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab–Israeli conflict Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1950s Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cypriot ethnic crisis Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War White Revolution Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8th March Syrian Revolution Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 North Yemen–South Yemen war Turkish invasion of Cyprus Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey (1976–80) Islamist uprising in Syria NDF Rebellion Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution Khuzestan conflict 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque Seizure 1980s Sadr uprising (1980) Iran–Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Turkey-PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot 1986 Damascus bombings Mecca massacre Abu Nidal's executions 1990s Gulf War (1990–1991) 1991 uprisings in Iraq Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 1994 civil war in Yemen Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) Operation Desert Fox al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 al-Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran–Israel proxy conflict Fatah–Hamas conflict Nahr al-Bared fighting 2008 conflict in Lebanon South Yemen insurgency 2009–10 Iranian election protests 2010s Arab Spring Yemeni Revolution Bahraini uprising Egyptian Crisis Arab Winter Syrian Civil War Spillover in Lebanon American-led intervention Sinai insurgency Iraqi insurgency American-led intervention Military intervention against ISIL Yemeni Crisis Yemeni Civil War This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts (after 1918) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic

Post–Cold War conflicts in Asia South Asia Nepalese conflicts Civil War (1996–2006) Royal massacre (2001) Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) Kashmir conflict [1947–present] Kargil War [1999] Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) Afghan Wars 1989–92 1992–96 1996–2001 2001–14 2015–present War in North-West Pakistan (2004–present) Balochistan conflict (2004–present) East Asia Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) Korean dispute Maritime border incidents (1967–present) 2013 crisis Xinjiang conflict (20th Century–present) Southeast Asia East Timorese conflicts Indonesian occupation (1975–99) 1999 crisis 2006 crisis Other Indonesian conflicts Papua conflict (1969–present) Aceh insurgency (1976–2005) Burmese internal conflict (1947–present) Kachin (2011–present) Philippine insurgencies Communist (1969–present) Moro (1969–present) South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–present) Central Asia Tajik civil war (1992–97) Kyrgyz Revolution (2010) Tajikistan Insurgency (2010–12) Western Asia (excluding South Caucasus) Iraqi conflicts Iraqi–Kurdish (1918–2003) Civil War [1994–97] War (2003–11) Post-War insurgency [2011–present] Israeli conflicts Israeli–Palestinian [1948–present] Intifada [2000–05] Gaza–Israel [2006–present] Israeli–Lebanese [1948–present] South Lebanon [1985–2000] Lebanon War [2006] Egyptian Crisis (2011–present) Sinai insurgency (2011–present) Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency (1989–96) Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–present) Yemeni Civil War (1994) Other insurgencies in Yemen al-Qaeda [1998–present] Houthi [2004–2015] South Yemen [2009–present] Yemeni Crisis [2011–present] Revolution [2011] Coup d'état [2014–15] Civil War [2015] Bahraini uprising (2011–present) Syrian Civil War (2011–present) Regional spillover Related topics War on Terror (2001–present) Arab Spring (2010–present) Arab Winter Colour revolutions European conflicts African conflicts Middle East conflicts Conflicts in the Americas

Post–Cold War African conflicts North Africa Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Libyan Crisis [2011–present] Civil War [2011] Factional violence [2011–14] Civil War [2014–present] Tunisian Revolution (2010–11) Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) Egyptian Crisis [2011–14] 2011 Revolution Sinai insurgency [2011–present] Post-coup unrest in Egypt [2013–14] Sudanese conflicts Civil War [1983–2005] War in Darfur [2003–present] Nomadic [2009–present] Sudan–SRF [2011–present] West Africa Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–99) Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002) Liberian Civil Wars 1989–96 1999–2003 Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–07 2010–11 Islamist insurgency in Nigeria (1999–present) Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present) Northern Mali conflict (2012–present) Central Africa Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99) Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Chadian Civil War (2005–10) Congo conflicts First Congo War [1996–97] Second Congo War [1998–2003] Ituri conflict [1999–2007] Dongo conflict [2009] Kivu conflict [2004–09, 2012–13] Central African Republic conflicts Bush War [2004–07] 2012–present East Africa Rwandan Civil War [1990–94] Genocide Djiboutian Civil War (1991–94) Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) Burundian Civil War (1993–2005) Somali Civil War [1991–present] 2006–09 War 2009–present War South Sudanese conflict [2011–present] Ethnic violence Civil War Related topics Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) War on Terror (2001–present) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Arab Spring [2010–present] Arab Winter Colour revolutions European conflicts Asian conflicts Middle East conflicts Conflicts in the Americas

Arab Winter Events by country Egypt Sinai Iraq Lebanon Libya Mali Syria Yemen Groups Egypt: April 6 Youth Movement Kefaya Muslim Brotherhood (FJP) National Association for Change National Democratic Party National Salvation Front Revolutionary Socialists Shayfeencom Tamarod The Third Square Ultras Ahlawy Libya: National Liberation Army National Transitional Council Syria: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Regional Command National Command Syrian Opposition National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces Free Syrian Army Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian National Council National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Hizb ut-Tahrir Yemen: Alliance of Yemeni Tribes Al-Islah Hashid Houthis General People's Congress Hiraak Notable people Egypt: Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Gihan Ibrahim Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Adly Mansour Abdel Fattah el-Sisi Libya: Mustafa Abdul Jalil Mahmoud Jibril Mohammed Nabbous Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al-Johani Manal al-Sharif Syria: Bashar al-Assad Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Maher al-Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al-Khatib Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al-Zindani Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Sadiq al-Ahmar Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Mohammed Ali al-Houthi Impact 2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey African immigration to Europe UN Resolutions 2042 2043 2056 2059 2118 2139 International reactions Syria Domestic reactions Syria Timelines by country Egypt Sinai Iraq Syria Yemen Category ] Commons Wikiquotes