SimCity (1989 video game)

SimCity

Some of the cover arts of SimCity feature a jukebox-like design, with different versions depicting different cities and disasters.
Developer(s) Maxis
Infogrames (Amiga CDTV version)
Nintendo EAD (SNES version)
Mobile: Babaroga
Publisher(s) Brøderbund, Maxis, Nintendo, Electronic Arts, Superior Software/Acornsoft and Infogrames Entertainment, SA (first European release)
Designer(s) Will Wright (SimCity series)
Composer(s) Frédéric Mentzen
Philippe Vachey
(Amiga CDTV)
Soyo Oka (SNES)
Series SimCity
Platform(s) Acorn Archimedes, Acorn Electron, Amiga, Amiga CDTV, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, BBC Micro, C64, DESQview, DOS, EPOC32, FM Towns, iOS (iPod Touch, iPhone and iPad), PC-98, GBA, OLPC XO-1, OS/2, Linux, Mac OS, Mobile phone (Symbian or Java), NeWS, Web browser, SNES, Tk, Unix, Windows, X11 TCL, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Wii (via Virtual Console)
Release date(s) February, 1989 [1]
Genre(s) City-building game
Mode(s) Single-player
Multi-player (some editions)

SimCity, later renamed SimCity Classic,[2] is a city-building simulation video game, first released on February 2, 1989,[1][3] and designed by Will Wright for the Macintosh computer. SimCity was Maxis's second product, which has since been ported into various personal computers and game consoles, and spawned several sequels including SimCity 2000 in 1993, SimCity 3000 in 1999, SimCity 4 in 2003, SimCity DS, SimCity Societies in 2007, and SimCity in 2013. Until the release of The Sims in 2000, the SimCity series was the best-selling line of computer games made by Maxis. SimCity spawned a series of Sim games.

On January 10, 2008 the SimCity source code was released under the free software GPL 3 license under the original working title- Micropolis.

History

SimCity on the Mac. Most other releases were in colour, but had a similar interface.

SimCity was originally developed by game designer Will Wright. The inspiration for SimCity came from a feature of the game Raid on Bungeling Bay that allowed Wright to create his own maps during development. Wright soon found he enjoyed creating maps more than playing the actual game, and SimCity was born.[4] While developing SimCity, Wright cultivated a real love of the intricacies and theories of urban planning[5] and acknowledges the influence of System Dynamics which was developed by Jay Wright Forrester and whose book on the subject[6] laid the foundations for the simulation.[7] In addition, Wright also was inspired by reading "The Seventh Sally", a short story by Stanisław Lem, in which an engineer encounters a deposed tyrant, and creates a miniature city with artificial citizens for the tyrant to oppress.[8] The game reflected Wright's approval of mass transit and disapproval of nuclear power; Maxis president Jeff Braun stated "We're pushing political agendas".[9]

The first version of the game was developed for the Commodore 64 in 1985; it was not published for another four years.[10] The original working title of SimCity was Micropolis.[11] The game represented an unusual paradigm in computer gaming, in that it could neither be won nor lost; as a result, game publishers did not believe it was possible to market and sell such a game successfully. Brøderbund declined to publish the title when Wright proposed it, and he pitched it to a range of major game publishers without success. Finally, Braun, founder of the tiny software company Maxis, agreed to publish SimCity as one of two initial games for the company.[4]

Wright and Braun returned to Brøderbund to formally clear the rights to the game in 1988, when SimCity was near completion. After Brøderbund executives Gary Carlston and Don Daglow saw SimCity, they signed Maxis to a distribution deal for both of its initial games. With that, four years after initial development, SimCity was released for the Amiga and Macintosh platforms, followed by the IBM PC and Commodore 64 later in 1989.[10]

Objective

A large developed city in Micropolis version (2007)

The objective of SimCity, as the name of the game suggests, is to build and design a city, without specific goals to achieve (except in the scenarios, see below). The player can mark land as being zoned as commercial, industrial, or residential, add buildings, change the tax rate, build a power grid, build transportation systems and take many other actions, in order to enhance the city. Once able to construct buildings in a particular area, the too-small-to-see residents, known as Sims,[12] may choose to construct and upgrade houses, apartment blocks, light or heavy industrial buildings, commercial buildings, hospitals, churches, and other structures. The Sims make these choices based on such factors as traffic levels, adequate electrical power, crime levels, and proximity to other types of buildings—for example, residential areas next to a power plant will seldom appreciate to the highest grade of housing.[13]

Also, the player may face disasters including flooding, tornadoes, fires (often from air disasters or even shipwrecks), earthquakes and attacks by monsters. In addition, monsters and tornadoes can trigger train crashes by running into passing trains. There was also a reported case of a nuclear meltdown. Later disasters in the game's sequels included lightning strikes, volcanoes, meteors and attack by extraterrestrial craft. In the Super Nintendo version and later, one can also build rewards when they are given to them, such as a mayor's mansion or a casino.

Scenarios

The original SimCity kicked off a tradition of goal-centered, timed scenarios that could be won or lost depending on the performance of the player/mayor. The scenarios were an addition suggested by Brøderbund in order to make SimCity more like a game.[14] The original cities were all based on real world cities and attempted to re-create their general layout, a tradition carried on in SimCity 2000 and in special scenario packs. While most scenarios either take place in a fictional timeline or have a city under siege by a fictional disaster, a handful of available scenarios are based on actual historical events.

The original scenarios are:

The PC version (IBM, Tandy compatible; on floppy disk), CD re-release, as well as the Amiga and Atari ST versions included two additional scenarios:

In addition, the later edition of SimCity on the Super NES included the basics of these two scenarios in two, more difficult scenarios that were made available after a player had completed the original scenarios:

While the scenarios were meant to be solved strategically, many players discovered that by dropping the tax rate to zero near the end of the allotted timespan, one could heavily influence public opinion and population growth. In scenarios such as San Francisco, where rebuilding and, by extension, maintaining population growth play a large part of the objective, this kind of manipulation can mean a relatively easy victory. Later titles in the series would take steps to prevent players from using the budget to influence the outcome of scenarios.

Ports and versions

Multi Player mode on the SGI Indigo workstation

SimCity was originally released for home computers, including the Amiga, Atari ST and DOS-based IBM PC. After its success it was converted for several other computer platforms and video game consoles, specifically the Commodore 64, Macintosh, Acorn Archimedes, Amstrad CPC, Sinclair ZX Spectrum, BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, Super Nintendo Entertainment System (which was later released on Virtual Console), EPOC32, mobile phone, Internet, Windows, FM-Towns, OLPC XO-1 and NeWS HyperLook on Sun Unix. The game is also available as a multiplayer version for X11 TCL/Tk on various Unix, Linux, DESQview and OS/2 operating systems. In addition, a version was developed in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System, and another Japanese version was initiated in 1992 for the MSX computers, but these two were never released. Certain versions have since been re-released with various add-ons, including extra scenarios. An additional extra add on for the Windows version of SimCity Classic was a level editor. This editor could be opened without use of the SimCity Classic disc. The level editor is a simple tool that allows the user to create grasslands, dirt land, and water portions.

The IBM version of SimCity is notable for the unusually large amount of graphics modes it supports; the game can run in CGA, Tandy, EGA low-resolution, EGA high resolution, EGA monochrome, and VGA monochrome. A later release dropped CGA, Tandy, and EGA low-resolution support and replaced them with color VGA modes.

In 2007 the developer Don Hopkins released a free and open source version of the original SimCity, renamed Micropolis (the original working title) for trademark reasons, for the One Laptop per Child XO-1.[15][16] In 2008, Maxis established an online browser-based version of SimCity.[17] A second browser-based version was later released under the name "Micropolis".[18] In 2013, another browser-based version—this time ported using Javascript and HTML5—was released as "micropolisJS".[19]

SimCity for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System

SimCity for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System features the same gameplay and scenario features; however, since it was developed and published by Nintendo, the company incorporated their own ideas. Instead of the Godzilla monster disaster, Bowser of the Super Mario series becomes the attacking monster, and once the city reaches a landmark 500,000 populace, the player receives a Mario statue that is placeable in the city. The Nintendo port also features special buildings the player may receive as rewards, similar to the rewards buildings in SimCity 2000. The game also includes schools and hospitals, though they cannot be placed by the player. Instead, the game will sometimes turn an empty residential lot into one. There are also city classifications, such as becoming a metropolis at 100,000 people. Also unique to the SNES version is a character named "Dr. Wright" (whose physical appearance is based on Will Wright) who acts as an adviser to the player. The soundtrack to the Nintendo version was composed by Soyo Oka. This edition is featured as Nintendo's Player's Choice as a million seller.

In August 1996 a version of the game entitled BS Sim City Machizukuri Taikai was broadcast exclusively to Japanese players via the SNES's Satellaview subsystem. Later, an official Japan-only sequel titled SimCity 64 was released for the Japan-only Nintendo 64 add-on, the Nintendo 64DD.

Micropolis

In January 2008, the SimCity source code was released under the free software GPL 3 license.[20] The release of the source code was related to the donation of SimCity software to the One Laptop Per Child program, as one of the principles of the OLPC laptop is the use of free and open source software. The open source version is called Micropolis (the initial name for SimCity) since EA retains the trademark Simcity. The version shipped on OLPC laptops will still be called SimCity, but will have to be tested by EA quality assurance before each release to be able to use that name. The Micropolis source code has been translated to C++, integrated with Python and interfaced with both GTK+ and OpenLaszlo.[21]

Micropolis (also called OLPC SimCity) is a release of the city-building sim game SimCity,[22] that was developed by Don Hopkins. It is based on the source code the X11 version of SimCity for the Unix operating system, which was donated to the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) project by Electronic Arts as free and open source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License in 2008.[23]

There are two versions: The original version uses the Tcl/Tk user interface, and can be run on the OLPC, as a stand-alone game in any Linux or Mac OS X system with X11, or as a port for OpenBSD. The new version has a user interface implemented in Python code, which uses Cairo to draw graphics and Pango to draw text. The C core that is responsible for the simulation has been restructured and reworked into C++ code, which is cross-platform, and independent of the user interface and scripting language.

History

The original version of SimCity was developed by Maxis on the Commodore 64, and ported to various platforms, including the Macintosh. Maxis licensed the Macintosh SimCity source code to DUX software, to port to Unix. DUX Software contracted Don Hopkins to port SimCity to Unix, and he developed SimCity HyperLook Edition, while working at The Turing Institute on HyperLook with Arthur van Hoff. The user interface was written in PostScript, which ran on the NeWS window system on Sun workstations, and it supported multiple zoomable views, pie menus, annotating and printing maps, and many user interface improvements.

After Sun canceled NeWS, DUX Software contracted Hopkins to rewrite the HyperLook user interface in TCL/Tk for X11, and he developed a multi-player networked user interface using the X11 protocol. The TCL/Tk version of SimCity has been ported to various Unix and non-Unix platforms, including SunOS, Solaris, IRIX, HP-UX, OSF/1, Quarterdeck Desqview/X, NCD X Terminals, Warp, and Linux. The contract to sell SimCity for Unix expired after ten years, so the TCL/Tk version was no longer commercially available. OLPC SimCity is based on the TCL/Tk version of SimCity, a trademark of Electronic Arts. Don Hopkins adapted it to the OLPC, thanks to the support of John Gilmore. OLPC SimCity will be shipped with the OLPC, and it has been run through EA's quality assurance process and reviewed for integrity. EA reserves the right to review and approve any version of the game distributed under the name SimCity.

Micropolis is the name of the current GPL open source code version of OLPC SimCity.

Future

Since Micropolis is licensed under the GPL, users can do anything they want with it that conforms with the GPL – the only restriction is that they cannot call it "SimCity" (along with a few other limitations to protect EA's trademarks).[24] This allows other, differently named projects to be forked from the Micropolis source code. Improvements to the open source code base that merits EA's approval may be incorporated into the official "OLPC SimCity" source code, to be distributed with the OLPC under the trademarked name OLPC SimCity, but only after it has been reviewed and approved by EA.[22]

Comparison of different versions

Detailed information about ports of SimCity Classic
Platform Version – Release date Comments
Amiga V.1.0 – Alongside SimCity for the Macintosh, this was the first and original version of SimCity. It ran on any Amiga with at least 512 kilobytes of memory, and was distributed on a single floppy disk.[25]
V.2.0 This version has been enhanced with the ability to switch tile sets. A tile set consists of all the images the game uses to draw the city, and by changing the tile set one can give the city a different look and feel.

Because of this new functionality, SimCity 2 requires at least 1MB of memory, twice that of the original version.

Amiga CDTV [26] To make the game more pleasant to play when viewed on a distant television, this version of the game shows a closer view of the city. Other changes includes a user interface more suited for use from the CDTV's remote control, use CD-DA for music, and the addition of three scenarios.
Amstrad CPC V.1.0 – Sim City Amstrad CPC
Atari ST V.1.0 – Sim City Atari ST This version features scenarios but has no music and the game's graphics are less colorful than the graphics of the Amiga version 2.0.[27]
BBC Micro
Acorn Electron		 V.1.0 – This version lacks music, many sound effects, most animation and has limited colour palettes, but has most of the features of the Amiga version, in spite of having to run in 25K of memory.[28]
Commodore 64 V.1.0 – This version lacks police/fire stations, stadiums and railways. Disasters were limited to the earthquake. It also forgoes the stat screen useful for evaluating the city's development. The player can select between eight scenarios or on randomly generated terrain.
Macintosh V.1.0 – Released in two versions: monochrome and color.
PC MS-DOS – Features high resolution EGA graphics and limited sound effects through PC speaker or Tandy DAC.
CD-ROM – Released by Interplay for DOS, it featured 256-color graphics and added live-action video.
Windows –
Super NES
  • JP April 26, 1991

  • NA August 1991

  • EU September 24, 1992
 Published by Nintendo under license by Maxis, the SNES version of SimCity had additional features not found in the original SimCity, including graphics changing to match the seasons (trees are green in summer, turn rusty brown in the fall, white in the winter, and bloom as cherry blossoms in the spring), civic reward buildings, and a very energetic green-haired city advisor named Dr. Wright (after Will Wright), who would often pop up and inform the player of problems with their city. In addition, the SNES version of SimCity had two additional bonus scenarios, accessible when the original scenarios were completed: Las Vegas and Freeland (see section on scenarios). The style of the buildings also resemble those in Japan rather than those of North America.

A Nintendo Entertainment System port was also planned, but was cancelled.

Nintendo also put their stamp on the game, with a dangerous disaster being Bowser attack on a city (in place of a generic movie-type monster), and a Mario statue awarded once the megalopolis level of 500,000 inhabitants is reached.

The SNES version of SimCity has been released for the Wii's Virtual Console service (No longer available as of January 2, 2013).

ZX Spectrum V.1.0 – 1989 Has all the features (such as scenarios, crime, and disasters) of later versions of the game, only with much more limited sound and graphics.[29]

For other Sim games, see the list of Sim games.

Critical acclaim

SimCity was very successful, selling one million copies by late 1992.[9] It was critically acclaimed and received significant recognition within a year after its initial release. As of December 1990 (from a Maxis document by Sally Vandershaf, Maxis P.R. Coordinator) the game was reported to have won the following awards:

  • Best Entertainment Program 1989.
  • Best Educational Program, 1989.
  • Best Simulation Program, 1989.
  • Critics' Choice: Best Consumer Program, 1989, Software Publisher's Association.
  • Most Innovative Publisher, 1989, Computer Game Developer's Conference.
  • Best PC Game, 1989.
  • Member of the 1989 Game Hall of Fame, Macworld.
  • Game of the Year, 1989., Computer Gaming World.[31]
  • Second Best Simulation of all Time for C-64.
  • Fourth Best Simulation of All Time for Amiga, .info.
  • Editors' Choice Award: Best Simulation, 1989, Compute.
  • Editors' Choice Award: Best Recreation Program, 1989, MacUser.
  • Best Computer Strategy Game, 1989, Video Games & Computer Entertainment.
  • Best Game Designer of the Year: Will Wright, for SimCity, 1989, Computer Entertainer.
  • Best 20th Century Computer Game, 1989, Charles S. Roberts Award.
  • Software Award of Excellence, 1990–1991, Technology and Learning.
  • Best Educational Program, 1990, European Computer Leisure Award.
  • Tilt D'Or (Golden Award): Most Original Game, 1989, Tilt (France).
  • Game of the Year, 1989, Amiga Annual (Australia).
  • World Class Award, 1990, Macworld (Australia).
  • 4th best game of all time, Amiga Power.[32]

In addition, SimCity won the Origins Award for "Best Military or Strategy Computer Game" of 1989 in 1990, was named to Computer Gaming World‍ '​s Hall of Fame for games readers highly rated over time,[33] and the multiplayer X11 version of the game was also nominated in 1992 as the Best Product of the Year in Unix World. SimCity was named #4 "Ten Greatest PC Game Ever" by PC World in 2009.[34] It was named one of the sixteen most influential games in history at Telespiele, a German technology and games trade show, in 2007.[35] Sid Meier in 2008 named SimCity as one of the three most important innovations in videogame history, as it led to other games that encouraged players to create, not destroy.[36] It was named #11 on IGN's 2009 "Top 25 PC Games of All Time" list.[37]

The University of Southern California and University of Arizona used SimCity in urban planning and political science classes. In 1990 The Providence Journal invited five candidates for Mayor of Providence, Rhode Island to manage a SimCity town resembling the city; former mayor Buddy Cianci, who was the most successful, won election that year. Chuck Moss of The Detroit News found that Godzilla attacking the city in the 1972 Detroit scenario caused less destruction than the mayoralty of Coleman Young.[9]

The SimCity Terrain Editor was reviewed in 1989 in Dragon #147 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the expansion 4 out of 5 stars.[38]

The ZX Spectrum version was voted number 4 in the Your Sinclair Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time.[39]

On March 12, 2007, The New York Times reported that SimCity was named to a list of the ten most important video games of all time, the so-called game canon.[40] The Library of Congress took up a video game preservation proposal and began with the games from this list, including SimCity.[41][42]

Legacy

Main articles: SimCity and List of Sim video games

The subsequent success of SimCity speaks for itself: "Sim" games of many types were developed – with Will Wright and Maxis developing myriad titles including SimEarth, SimFarm, SimTown, Streets of SimCity, SimCopter, SimAnt, SimLife, SimIsle, SimTower, SimPark, SimSafari, and The Sims, as well as the unreleased SimsVille and SimMars. They also obtained licenses for some titles developed in Japan, such as SimTower and Let's Take The A-Train (just called A-Train outside of Japan). In 2000 The Sims was released, which spawned its own series. Spore, released in 2008, was originally going to be titled "SimEverything" – a name that Will Wright thought might accurately describe what he was trying to achieve. SimCity yielded several sequels.

SimCity inspired a new genre of video games. "Software toys" that were open-ended with no set objective were developed trying to duplicate SimCity's success. The most successful was most definitely Wright's own The Sims, which went on to be the best selling computer game of all time. The ideas pioneered in SimCity have been incorporated into real-world applications as well. For example, VisitorVille simulates a city based on website statistics.

The series also spawned a SimCity collectible card game, produced by Mayfair Games.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://medium.com/re-form/simcity-that-i-used-to-know-d5d8c49e3e1d
  2. ↑ http://www.simcity.com/en_US/product/simcity-classic. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ↑ http://www.ign.com/cheats/games/simcity-1989-mac-9054
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Geoff Keighley. "SIMply Divine". Retrieved 2008-06-07.
  5. ↑ "Inside Scoop – The History of SimCity". Electronic Arts Inc. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
  6. ↑ Forrester, Jay W. (1969). Urban dynamics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. ISBN 0-262-06026-4.
  7. ↑ Lobo, Daniel G (2007). "Playing with Urban Life". In Friedrich Borries; Steffen P. Walz; Matthias Böttger. Space time play computer games, architecture and urbanism : the next level. Basel: Birkhauser. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8415-9_74. ISBN 978-3-7643-8415-9.
  8. ↑ Lew, Julie (June 15, 1989). "Making City Planning a Game". nytimes.com. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Rivenburg, Roy (1992-10-02). "Only a Game? : Will your town thrive or perish? The fate of millions is in your hands. Or so it seems. It's your turn in SimCity.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Inside scoop: The History of SimCity (page two)". SimCity.com. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
  11. ↑ "Will Wright Chat Transcript". simcity.ea.com. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
  12. ↑ Wright, Will; Joffe, B. (November 1989). "SimCity: thematic mapping+city management simulation=an entertaining, interactive gaming tool". GIS/LIS '89 Proceedings. Annual Conference (Orlando, FL, USA: American Congress on Surveying and Mapping; American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing) 2: 591–600.
  13. ↑ "SimCity Classic: History and Review", Eric Albert, February 2001. Fetched from URL 15 March 2011.
  14. ↑ Wilson, Johnny L. (May 1989), "What Do The "Sim"ple Folk Do?", Computer Gaming World: 16–17
  15. ↑ SimCity on the OLPC XO!. "SimCity on the OLPC XO!". Olpcnews.com. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  16. ↑ "Games Aim For Good - Edge Magazine". Next-gen.biz. 2007-03-07. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  17. ↑ Game website for SimCity Classic - requires registration
  18. ↑ http://micropolisonline.com/
  19. ↑ http://micropolisjs.graememcc.co.uk
  20. ↑ "SimCity Source Code Released to the Wild! Let the ports begin". Weblogs.asp.net. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  21. ↑ "micropolis - Micropolis City Simulator - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2011-09-01.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Don Hopkins (2007-11-11). "History and Future of OLPC SimCity / Micropolis". Don Hopkins. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
  23. ↑ Caron, Frank (2008-01-14). "SimCity goes open source as "Micropolis"". Ars Technica. Condé Nast Digital. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
  24. ↑ Comment by mhdyu...@gmail.com (2011-06-14). "License - micropolis - Micropolis GPL License Notice and additional terms per GNU GPL Section 7. - Micropolis City Simulator - Google Project Hosting". Code.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-05.
  25. ↑ "Sim City (Amiga version)". Hall Of Light. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
  26. ↑ "Sim City (CDTV version)". Hall Of Light. Retrieved November 5, 2006.
  27. ↑ "Sim City (Atari ST version)". Atari Legend. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  28. ↑ Scott, Peter. "Micro User" (March 1991). Database Publications.
  29. ↑ "Sim City (ZX version)". SimCity.txt on the original game disk. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  30. ↑ "SimCity (mobile phone version) review". Pocket Gamer. Retrieved 2006-11-11.
  31. ↑ "Game of the Year Awards", Computer Gaming World, October 1989: 42
  32. ↑ Amiga Power magazine issue 0, Future Publishing, May 1991
  33. ↑ "On Silvery Disks of Splendor". Computer Gaming World. October 1991. p. 112. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  34. ↑ Edwards, Benj (February 8, 2009). "The Ten Greatest PC Games Ever". PC World. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  35. ↑ Plunkett, Luke (August 27, 2007). "German Journos Pick Their Most Important Games Of All Time". Kotaku. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  36. ↑ Arendt, Susan (2008-03-04). "Civilization Creator Lists Three Most Important Innovations in Gaming". Wired. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  37. ↑ "The Top 25 PC Games of All Time". IGN. August 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-03.
  38. ↑ Lesser, Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk (July 1989). "The Role of Computers". Dragon (147): 76–83.
  39. ↑ "Readers' Top 100 Games of All Time". Your Sinclair. September 1993.
  40. ↑ CHAPLIN, HEATHER (2007-03-12). "Is That Just Some Game? No, It’s a Cultural Artifact". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  41. ↑ Ransom-Wiley, James. "10 most important video games of all time, as judged by 2 designers, 2 academics, and 1 lowly blogger". Joystiq.
  42. ↑ Owens, Trevor (2012-09-26). "Yes, The Library of Congress Has Video Games: An Interview with David Gibson". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-18.

External links