Signal processing

Signal transmission using electronic signal processing. Transducers convert signals from other physical waveforms to electrical current or voltage waveforms, which then are processed, transmitted as electromagnetic waves, received and converted by another transducer to final form.

Signal processing is an enabling technology that encompasses the fundamental theory, applications, algorithms, and implementations of processing or transferring information contained in many different physical, symbolic, or abstract formats broadly designated as signals.^[1] It uses mathematical, statistical, computational, heuristic, and linguistic representations, formalisms, and techniques for representation, modelling, analysis, synthesis, discovery, recovery, sensing, acquisition, extraction, learning, security, or forensics.^[1]

History

According to Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer, the principles of signal processing can be found in the classical numerical analysis techniques of the 17th century. Oppenheim and Schafer further state that the "digitalization" or digital refinement of these techniques can be found in the digital control systems of the 1940s and 1950s.^[2]

Application fields of signal processing

• Audio signal processing – for electrical signals representing sound, such as speech or music
• Speech signal processing – for processing and interpreting spoken words
• Image processing – in digital cameras, computers and various imaging systems
• Video processing – for interpreting moving pictures
• Wireless communication - waveform generations, demodulation, filtering, equalization
• Control systems
• Array processing – for processing signals from arrays of sensors
• Seismology
• Financial signal processing – analyzing financial data using signal processing techniques, especially for prediction purposes.
• Feature extraction, such as image understanding and speech recognition.
• Quality improvement, such as noise reduction, image enhancement, and echo cancellation.
• (Source coding), including audio compression, image compression, and video compression.

In communication systems, signal processing may occur at:

• OSI layer 1 in the seven layer OSI model, the Physical Layer (modulation, equalization, multiplexing, etc.);
• OSI layer 6, the Presentation Layer (source coding, including analog-to-digital conversion and signal compression).

Seismic signal processing

Typical devices

• Filters – - for example analog (passive or active) or digital (FIR, IIR, frequency domain or stochastic filters, etc.)
• Samplers and Analog-to-digital converters for Signal acquisition and reconstruction, which involves measuring a physical signal, storing or transferring it as digital signal, and possibly later rebuilding the original signal or an approximation thereof.
• Signal compressors
• Digital signal processors (DSPs)

Mathematical methods applied in signal processing

• Differential equations
• Difference equations
• Transform theory
• Time-frequency analysis – for processing non-stationary signals^[3]
• Spectral estimation – for determining the spectral content (i.e., the distribution of power over frequency) of a time series^[4]
• Statistical signal processing – analyzing and extracting information from signals and noise based on their stochastic properties
• Linear time-invariant system theory, and transform theory
• System identification and classification
• Calculus
• Vector spaces and Linear algebra
• Functional analysis
• Probability and stochastic processes
• Detection theory
• Estimation theory
• Optimization
• Numerical methods
• Time series
• Data mining – for statistical analysis of relations between large quantities of variables (in this context representing many physical signals), to extract previously unknown interesting patterns

Categories of signal processing

Analog signal processing

Analog signal processing is for signals that have not been digitized, as in legacy radio, telephone, radar, and television systems. This involves linear electronic circuits as well as non-linear ones. The former are, for instance, passive filters, active filters, additive mixers, integrators and delay lines. Non-linear circuits include compandors, multiplicators (frequency mixers and voltage-controlled amplifiers), voltage-controlled filters, voltage-controlled oscillators and phase-locked loops.

Discrete-time signal processing

Discrete-time signal processing is for sampled signals, defined only at discrete points in time, and as such are quantized in time, but not in magnitude.

Analog discrete-time signal processing is a technology based on electronic devices such as sample and hold circuits, analog time-division multiplexers, analog delay lines and analog feedback shift registers. This technology was a predecessor of digital signal processing (see below), and is still used in advanced processing of gigahertz signals.

The concept of discrete-time signal processing also refers to a theoretical discipline that establishes a mathematical basis for digital signal processing, without taking quantization error into consideration.

Digital signal processing

Digital signal processing is the processing of digitized discrete-time sampled signals. Processing is done by general-purpose computers or by digital circuits such as ASICs, field-programmable gate arrays or specialized digital signal processors (DSP chips). Typical arithmetical operations include fixed-point and floating-point, real-valued and complex-valued, multiplication and addition. Other typical operations supported by the hardware are circular buffers and look-up tables. Examples of algorithms are the Fast Fourier transform (FFT), finite impulse response (FIR) filter, Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, and adaptive filters such as the Wiener and Kalman filters.

Nonlinear signal processing

Nonlinear signal processing involves the analysis and processing of signals produced from nonlinear systems and can be in the time, frequency, or spatio-temporal domains.^[5] Nonlinear systems can produce highly complex behaviors including bifurcations, chaos, harmonics, and subharmonics which cannot be produced or analyzed using linear methods.

See also

• Audio filter
• Delay (audio effect)
• Dynamic range compression, companding, limiting, and noise gating
• Reverberation

Notes and references

External links

• Signal Processing for Communications – free online textbook by Paolo Prandoni and Martin Vetterli (2008)
• Scientists and Engineers Guide to Digital Signal Processing – free online textbook by Stephen Smith
• Signal Processing Techniques for Determining Powerplant Characteristics
• The IEEE Signal Processing Society

Bio-Medical Signal processing at a Glance