Sierra Madre Oriental

Sierra Madre Oriental
View from an airplane crossing Cerro San Rafael
Highest point
Peak	Cerro San Rafael (Coahuila)
Elevation	3,700 m (12,100 ft)
Coordinates	25°22′N 100°33′W / 25.367°N 100.550°W / 25.367; -100.550Coordinates: 25°22′N 100°33′W / 25.367°N 100.550°W / 25.367; -100.550
Geography
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Country	Mexico
States	List Coahuila Nuevo León Tamaulipas San Luis Potosí Hidalgo Puebla Querétaro

The Sierra Madre Oriental (Spanish  [sie'rra ma'dre orienta'l] ) is a mountain range in northeastern Mexico.

Setting

Spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) the Sierra Madre Oriental runs from the Rio Grande on the border between Coahuila and Texas south through Nuevo León, southwest Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, and Hidalgo to northern Puebla, where it joins with the east-west running Eje Volcánico Transversal of central Mexico. The northernmost are the Sierra del Burro and the Sierra del Carmen which reach the border with the United States at the Rio Grande. North of the Rio Grande, the range continues northwestward into Texas and beyond as the Davis and Guadalupe Ranges.

Mexico's Gulf Coastal Plain lies to the east of the range, between the mountains and the Gulf of Mexico coast. The Mexican Plateau, which averages 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) in elevation, lies between the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre Occidental further west.

The climate of the Sierra Madre Oriental is drier than the rainforest areas further south.

The Sierra Madre Oriental in Hidalgo state.

Highest major summits

The highest point is Cerro San Rafael, at 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) above sea level, is the highest point of the Sierra Madre Oriental and the state of Coahuila and the second in Mexico in isolation.^[1][2]

The Highest Major Mountain Peaks of Sierra Madre Oriental

Rank	Mountain Peak	State	Mountain Range	Elevation	Prominence	Isolation
1	Cerro San Rafael[3] PB	Coahuila	Sierra Madre Oriental	3700.0003700 m 12,139 feet	1855.0001855 m 6,086 feet	00627.58628 km 390 miles
2	Sierra de la Marta[4] PB	Coahuila  Nuevo León	Sierra Madre Oriental	3700.0003700 m 12,139 feet	0000.000NA	00607.30607 km 377 miles
3	Cerro el Potosí PB	Nuevo León	Sierra Madre Oriental	3700.0003700 m 12,139 feet	1380.0001380 m 4,528 feet	00570.41570 km 354 miles

Ecology

This long range of tall mountains is noted for its abundant biodiversity and large number of endemic species of plants and wildlife, from the dry north to the wetter south. The Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests are found at high elevations in the range (1,000–3,500 m or 3,300–11,500 ft above sea level).^[5] To the east, the Tamaulipan matorral occupies the range's lower slopes in Nuevo León and northern Tamaulipas, while the Veracruz moist forests cover the lower slopes of the central range, and the eastern slopes at the southern end of the range are home to the Veracruz montane forests. West of the range, the Mexican Plateau is home to deserts and xeric shrublands, including the Chihuahuan Desert to the north, the Meseta Central matorral on the central part of the plateau, and the Central Mexican matorral on the southern plateau.

Much of the wildlife can also be found in the Sierra Madre Occidental, which runs parallel to these mountains along western Mexico.

Flora

Pine-oak forests are dominated by several species of pine, such as Pinus nelsonii, P. cembroides, P. pseudostrobus, and P. arizonica, and oak, such as Quercus castanea and Q. affinis.^[5] Matorral is characterized by woody shrubs, small trees, cacti, and succulents. Montane chaparral is found above 1,700 m (5,600 ft) and is home to species in the genera Quercus, Arbutus, Yucca, Cercocarpus and Bauhinia. Piedmont scrub occurs below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and is composed of plants 3 to 5 m (9.8 to 16.4 ft) in height such as Helietta parvifolia, Neopringlea integrifolia and Acacia spp.^[6] The canopy of moist forests is dominated by trees up to 30 m (98 ft) in height, including Brosimum alicastrum, Manilkara zapota, Celtis monoica, Bursera simaruba, Dendropanax arboreus, and Sideroxylon capiri.^[7]

Fauna

Birds of the forest includes Mexican Chickadee, Montezuma Quail, Strickland's Woodpecker, Zone-tailed Hawk and several species of Jay.

Pine-oak forests in Coahuila are part of the migration route of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus).^[5]

Threats and conservation

Original habitats have been severely reduced by clearance for livestock grazing and logging over hundreds of years. Protected areas include the Cumbres de Monterrey National Park in Mexico and the Big Bend National Park in Texas. The El Cielo Biosphere in Tamaulipas preserves the northernmost tropical Veracruz moist forests in Mexico and extensive temperate cloud forests.^[8]

See also

• Mountain peaks of México

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sierra Madre Oriental.

• "Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. 

Subfields of physical geography Biogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology Coastal geography Edaphology Geomorphology Glaciology Hydrology / Hydrography Landscape ecology Limnology Meteorology Oceanography Palaeogeography Pedology/Soil science Quaternary science