Sidestream smoke

Picture of sidestream smoke
Sidestream smoke in enclosed box.

Sidestream smoke is smoke which goes into the air directly from a burning cigarette, cigar, or smoking pipe.[1] Sidestream smoke is the main component (around 85%) of Second-hand smoke (SHS), also known as Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) or passive smoking[2] The chemical constituents of sidestream smoke are different from those of directly inhaled ("mainstream") smoke. Sidestream smoke has been classified as a Class A carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Contents

Sidestream tobacco smoke is made up of many components, including carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, ammonia, benzene, cadmium and 4-aminobiphenyl.[3][4][5] Some of the other compounds found in sidestream smoke are: vinylchloride, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, acrolein, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, catechol, cresol, hydroquinone, lead, methyl ethyl ketone, nitric oxide, phenol, styrene, toluene, and butane. Exposure to sidestream smoke yields higher concentrations of these compounds as well as increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine, and cotinine in the blood. When comparing sidestream and mainstream condensate, side stream has 2–6 times more condensate per gram than mainstream smoke.[3][4][5] Due to the incomplete combustion process responsible for the creation of sidestream smoke, there may be exposure to higher concentrations of carcinogens than are typically inhaled directly.

Risks

There are over 250 toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The risks of developing lung cancer, brain tumors, and acute myeloid leukemia and the incidence of heart disease and benign respiratory diseases increase with the inhalation of sidestream smoke.[6] Additionally, the chance of developing breast cancer and cervical cancer also increases with the inhalation of sidestream smoke.

Evidence has shown that sidestream smoke may be more harmful, per gram, than mainstream smoke.[7] However, sidesmoke is inhaled in far lesser amounts than in people who smoke tobacco.

The relative risk of cardiovascular disease is 1.2–1.3 with exposure to sidestream smoke due the cyanide present in the smoke. There is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects in children, both behaviorally and cognitively. One study found that higher levels of cotinine in children were correlated with a decreased ability to perform in reading and math.[3][8]

Factors such as age, gender and different occupations put a person at risk for bladder cancer - smoking is the only other known risk. 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an integral component in tobacco smoke, as well as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Sidestream smoke puts individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4-ABP concentrations are over ten times that of mainstream smoke.[9][10]

However, recent scientific research on sidestream smoke shows some advantage in reducing gastrointestinal inflammation in C57BL/6 female mice. The proposed mechanism by which sidestream smoke alleviates GI inflammation is by increasing the tight junction proteins, and to some degree by reducing microflora of intentines. World J Gastroenterol. 2012 May 14; 18(18): 2180–2187.

Social effects

A non-smoker who is inhaling sidestream or second-hand smoke has a 30% greater risk of getting lung cancer at some point in their lives.[11] Exposure to second hand or sidestream smoke has been associated with people who have not smoked before. The Surgeon General reported there was no safe level of smoke exposure at all.[12]

The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates sidestream smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers every year in the United States.[13]

Children

A child's exposure to contaminants in the air can have detrimental health effects including heightened risk of respiratory tract infections, increased likelihood of childhood asthma, behavioural problems and reduced neurocognitive abilities. Exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke in childhood poses an increased risk of coughing, wheezing, and mucus production. Studies on rats have shown that those who were exposed to sidestream smoke while in utero and following the period directly after, had differences in airway sensitivity in comparison to those that had been exposed to sidestream smoke only while in utero or only following the period after.[14][15][16]

Test tubes

A reduction in glutathione levels was observed following exposure to sidestream smoke in vitro. Glutathione is an antioxidant which resides in the lung after development. Exposure to sidestream smoke for as little as twenty minutes can lead to an increase in contaminant particles within human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Cells exposed to sidestream smoke experienced oxidative stress, which further allowed for DNA damage as well as cell transformation and an uncontrolled cell proliferation. Such DNA mutations and uncontrolled cell division resulting from exposure to sidestream smoke may result in cancerous tumours.[17][18]

Toxicological experiments

During the 1980s the Philip Morris Tobacco Company carried out research on sidestream smoke at the Institut für Biologische Forschung, although this was not voluntarily published. This study found that sidestream smoke is nearly four times more toxic than mainstream smoke per metric gramme. They also found that sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than mainstream smoke as well as 2–6 times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate when applied to the skin of a mouse; results also showed that sidestream smoke hinders an animal's ability to reach a weight that is considered normal. The research team concluded that the only way to protect oneself from sidestream smoke was to be in smoke-free public places and workspaces.[7]

References

  1. ↑ [gage.he.net/~cheforg/uploads/.../grat_updates_6-9_sidestream.pdf,"Sidestream Smoke."
  2. ↑ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (June 1991). "Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace". Current Intelligence Bulletin 54.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Swan GE, Lessov-Schlaggar CN (September 2007). "The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain". Neuropsychol Rev 17 (3): 259–73. doi:10.1007/s11065-007-9035-9. PMID 17690985.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bernert JT, Pirkle JL, Xia Y, Jain RB, Ashley DL, Sampson EJ (November 2010). "Urine concentrations of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen in the U.S. population from secondhand smoke exposure". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (11): 2969–77. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0711. PMID 20833972.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Environmental tobacco smoke." Children's Environmental Health Centers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ncerqa/childrenscenters/smoke.html.
  6. ↑ [Johnston, Lorraine (2001). Lung Cancer: Making Sense of Diagnosis, Treatment & Options O'Reilly, Sebastopol, CA. ISBN 0-596-50002-5
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schick, S; Glantz S (December 2005). "Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke". Tobacco Control 14 (6): 396–404. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011288. PMC 1748121. PMID 16319363.
  8. ↑ "Background and environmental exposures to cyanide in the United States." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page 2–8. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp8-c2.pdf
  9. ↑ Van Hemelrijck MJ, Michaud DS, Connolly GN, Kabir Z (April 2009). "Secondhand smoking, 4-aminobiphenyl, and bladder cancer: two meta-analyses". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18 (4): 1312–20. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0613. PMID 19336562.
  10. ↑ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg. 1-8.
  11. ↑ American Cancer Society (2007). Lung Cancer: What You Need to Know—Now. Atlanta GA: American Cancer Society/Health Promotions. ISBN 0-944235-69-7.
  12. ↑ Robb-Nicholson, Celeste (2006). "By the way, Doctor". Harvard Women's Health Watch 14 (2).
  13. ↑ Smith, Jimmie H. (2004). "Environmental Tobacco Smoke: An Analysis of State and Local Policies To Reduce Exposure". U916087.
  14. ↑ Wang L, Pinkerton KE (September 2007). "Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development". Birth Defects Res. C Embryo Today 81 (3): 144–54. doi:10.1002/bdrc.20097. PMID 17963272.
  15. ↑ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg 74-75.
  16. ↑ Mbulo L (July 2008). "Changes in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Youth in Nebraska, 2002–2006". Prev Chronic Dis 5 (3): A84. PMC 2483572. PMID 18558034.
  17. ↑ Faux SP, Tai T, Thorne D, Xu Y, Breheny D, Gaca M (July 2009). "The role of oxidative stress in the biological responses of lung epithelial cells to cigarette smoke". Biomarkers 14 (Suppl 1): 90–6. doi:10.1080/13547500902965047. PMID 19604067.
  18. ↑ "2.1 Background and environmental exposures to cyanide in the United States". Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. July 2006. pp. 4 (in PDF).

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