Shijiazhuang

Shijiazhuang
石家庄市
Prefecture-level city

Clockwise from top: Shijiazhuang skyline, Hebei Art Center, Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport, and Martyrs' Memorial

Location of Shijiazhuang City jurisdiction in Hebei
Shijiazhuang

Location of the city centre in Hebei

Coordinates: 38°04′N 114°29′E / 38.067°N 114.483°E
Country People's Republic of China
Province Hebei
Municipal seat Chang'an
Government
 • Party Secretary Sun Ruibin (孙瑞彬)
 • Mayor Ai Wenli (艾文礼)
Area
 • Prefecture-level city 15,722 km2 (6,070 sq mi)
 • Urban 399.3 km2 (154.2 sq mi)
 • Metro 1,917.3 km2 (740.3 sq mi)
Elevation 83 m (272 ft)
Population (2010 census)
 • Prefecture-level city 10,163,788
 • Density 650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
 • Urban 2,766,614
 • Urban density 6,900/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
 • Metro 4,770,400
 • Metro density 2,500/km2 (6,400/sq mi)
Time zone China Standard (UTC+8)
Postal code 050000
Licence plate prefixes 冀A
City Flower Rosa Chinensis
City Tree Styphnolobium
Website www.sjz.gov.cn
Shijiazhuang

"Shijiazhuang", as written in Chinese
Simplified Chinese 石家庄
Traditional Chinese 石家莊
Hanyu Pinyin Shíjiāzhuāng
Postal Map Shikiachwang (present)
Shimen (former)
Literal meaning The Shi's Village

Shijiazhuang (/ˈʃɨˈdʒjɑːˈdʒwɑːŋ/,[1] Chinese: 石家庄; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng), also written Shikiachwang or Shihkiachwang, is the capital and largest city of North China's Hebei province.[2] Administratively a prefecture-level city, it is about 263 kilometres (163 mi) southwest of Beijing,[3] and it administers 8 districts, 2 county-level cities, and 12 counties.

At the 2010 census, it had a total population of 10,163,788, with 2,766,614 in the urban area and 4,770,400 in the built-up (or metro) area comprising the 5 urban districts, the counties of Zhengding and Luancheng, Luquan City and now Gaocheng City largely conurbated with the Shijiazhuang metropolitan area as urbanization continues to proliferate. Shijiazhuang's total population ranked twelfth in mainland China.[4]

Shijiazhuang is a modernizing and ever growing city. It experienced dramatic growth after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The population of the metropolitan area has more than quadrupled in only 30 years as a result of fast industrialization and major infrastructural developments. Shijiazhuang is a major transportation hub in the region which has contributed to the city's fast growth and development. From 2008 to 2011, Shijiazhuang implemented a three-year plan which concluded with the reorganization of the city resulting in an increase of green areas and improved urbanization (new buildings, new roads and road plans). The three-year plan was a success and even after it ended, the city continues to benefit from the major projects that were implemented with the opening of a new train station, a new airport and a subway system.[5]

Shijiazhuang is situated east of the Taihang Mountains (Chinese: 太行山; pinyin: Tàiháng Shān),a mountain range extending over 400 kilometres from north to south with an average elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 metres (4,900 to 6,600 ft); making Shijiazhuang an ideal place for hiking, outdoor trips and cycling.

History

The oldest name of the city was Shiyi. In pre-Han times (i.e., before 206 BC), it was the site of the city of Shiyi in the state of Zhao, and from Han (206 BC–AD 220) to Sui (581–618) times it was the site of a county town with the same name. With the reorganization of local government in the early period of the Tang dynasty (618–907), the county was abolished. Shijiazhuang then became little more than a local market town, subordinated to the flourishing city of Zhengding (modern Zhengding) a few miles to the north.

The growth of Shijiazhuang into one of China's major cities began in 1905, when the Beijing–Wuhan (Hankou) railway reached the area, stimulating much new trade and encouraging local farmers to grow cash crops. Two years later the town became the junction for the new Shitai line, running from Shijiazhuang to Taiyuan, Shanxi. This connection immediately transformed the town from a local collecting centre and market into a communications centre of national importance on the main route from Beijing and Tianjin to Shanxi and later, when the railway from Taiyuan was extended to the southwest to Shaanxi as well. The city also became the centre of an extensive road network. It is known as a city from the train.

Pre-World War II Shijiazhuang was a large railway town as well as a commercial and collecting centre for Shanxi and regions farther west and for agricultural produce of the North China Plain, particularly grain, tobacco, and cotton. By 1935 it had far outstripped Zhengding as an economic centre. At the end of World War II the character of the city changed once again. Not only did it assume an administrative role as the preeminent city in western Hebei, but it also developed into an industrial city. Some industries, such as match manufacturing, tobacco processing, and glassmaking, had already been established before the war.

On November 12, 1947, the city was captured by Communist force. In 1948 the city, formerly known as Shímén (石門), was renamed Shijiazhuang.

Xibaipo, a village about 90 km (56 mi) from downtown Shijiazhuang, in Pingshan County was the location of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the headquarters of the People's Liberation Army during the decisive stages of the Chinese Civil War between May 26, 1948 and March 23, 1949, at which point they were moved to Beijing. Today, the area is a memorial site.[6]

After 1949 the planned industrialisation of the city gathered momentum. Its population more than tripled in the decade 1948–58. In the 1950s, the city experienced a major expansion in the textile industry, with large-scale cotton spinning, weaving, printing, and dyeing works. In addition there are various plants processing local farm produce. In the 1960s it was also the site of a new chemical industry, with plants producing fertilizer and caustic soda. Shijiazhuang also became an engineering base, with a tractor-accessory plant. There are important coal deposits at Jingxing and Huailu, now named Luquan, a few miles to the west in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains, which provide fuel for a thermal-generating plant supplying power to local industries. The city's role as a transport centre has been supplemented by the construction of an airport handling regular domestic flights.

In 1967, Tianjin was again carved out of Hebei, remaining a separate entity today, and thus the provincial capital was moved to Baoding. It was chaotic in the midst of the Cultural Revolution, and under the direction of Mao Zedong, in 1968, to "prepare for war and natural disasters", Shijiazhuang became the provincial capital.

Geography

Shijiazhuang
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
3.9
 
 
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5.1
 
 
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: CMA[7]

Shijiazhuang is located in south-central Hebei, and is part of the Bohai Economic Rim. Its administrative area ranges in latitude from 37° 27' to 38° 47' N, and the longitude 113° 30' to 115° 20' E. The prefecture-level city reaches a 148 kilometres (92 mi) north-south extent and a 175 kilometres (109 mi) wide from east to west. The prefecture has borders stretching 760 kilometres (472 mi) long and covers an area of 15,722 square kilometres (6,070 sq mi). Bordering prefecture-level cities in Hebei are Hengshui (E), Xingtai (S), and Baoding (N/NE). To the west lies the province of Shanxi.

The city stands at the edge of the North China Plain, which rises to the Taihang Mountains to the west of the city, and lies south of the Hutuo River (Chinese: 滹沱河; pinyin: Hūtuó hé). From west to east, the topography can be summarised as moderately high mountains, then low-lying mountains, hills, basin, and finally plains. Out of the eight east–west routes across the Taihang Mountains, the fifth, the Niangzi Pass, connects the city directly with Taiyuan, Shanxi.

Climate

The city has a continental, monsoon-influenced semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk), characterised by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon, and generally cold, windy, very dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Mongolian steppe, accompanied by rapidly warming, but generally dry, conditions. Autumn is similar to spring in temperature and lack of rainfall. January averages −2.3 °C (27.9 °F), while July averages 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); the annual mean is 13.38 °C (56.1 °F). With the monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45 percent in July to 61 percent in May, the city receives 2,427 hours of sunshine annually. More than half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone.

Air pollution

Haze near the Shijiazhuang TV Tower in 2005

As air pollution in China is at an all-time high, Shijiazhuang and surrounding Hebei cities are among one of the most polluted cities and has one of the worst air quality in China. Caution has been advised towards the residents of Shijiazhuang.

In 2004, China's environmental watchdog released the Most polluted cities in China blacklist for the first time, and Shijiazhuang ranked seventh in the list.[8] According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and The Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Shijiazhuang is among one of ten most air polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, 7 of 10 most air polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Urumqi, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang.[9]

Reporting on China's airpocalypse has been accompanied by what seems like a monochromatic slideshow of the country's several cities smothered in thick smog. Being one of the cities offended worst by the smog in China, Shijiazhuang has an average PM2.5 reading of 393 in early 2013 over a 30-day period. At the end of January, the grim reading in Shijiazhuang was at PM500 for nearly a week.[10] According to a survey made by "Global voices China" in February 2013, Shijiazhuang and 6 surrounding Hebei cities including Xingtai, Baoding, Langfang, Handan, Hengshui and Tangshan, are among China's 10 most polluted cities, while Shijiazhuang itself ranked second in the list.[11]

Administration divisions

Shijiazhuang has direct administrative jurisdiction over:

Map Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Population (2010) Area (km²) Density (/km²)
City proper
Chang'an District 长安区 Cháng'ān Qū 560,643 110 4,362
Qiaoxi District 桥西区 Qiáoxī Qū 596,164 53 11,248
Xinhua District 新华区 Xīnhuá Qū 625,119 92 6,795
Yuhua District 裕华区 Yùhuá Qū 574,572 101 4,888
Luancheng District 栾城区 Luánchéng Xiàn 328,933 347 948
Gaocheng District 藁城区 Gàochéng Shì 775,110 836 927
Luquan District 鹿泉区 Lùquán Shì 432,936 603 718
Suburban
Jingxing Mining District 井陉矿区 Jǐngxíng Kuàngqū 95,170 56 1,699
Zhengding County 正定县 Zhèngdìng Xiàn 466,807 568 822
Satellite cities
Xinji City 辛集市 Xīnjí Shì 615,919 951 648
Jinzhou City 晋州市 Jìnzhōu Shì 537,679 619 868
Xinle City 新乐市 Xīnlè Shì 487,652 625 780
Rural
Jingxing County 井陉县 Jǐngxíng Xiàn 309,882 1,381 224
Xingtang County 行唐县 Xíngtáng Xiàn 406,353 1,025 396
Lingshou County 灵寿县 Língshòu Xiàn 333,558 1,546 216
Gaoyi County 高邑县 Gāoyì Xiàn 186,478 222 840
Shenze County 深泽县 Shēnzé Xiàn 250,264 296 845
Zanhuang County 赞皇县 Zànhuáng Xiàn 244,799 1,210 202
Wuji County 无极县 Wújí Xiàn 502,662 524 959
Pingshan County 平山县 Píngshān Xiàn 433,429 2,951 147
Yuanshi County 元氏县 Yuánshì Xiàn 418,466 849 493
Zhao County 赵县 Zhào Xiàn 571,077 714 800

Economy

Far view of Shijiazhuang

In 2011, the GDP of Shijiazhuang reached RMB 408.7 billion, an increase of 12 percent over the previous year.

Salaries continue to experience relatively rapid growth as well. The city continues to strive to create an economic atmosphere encouraging investment and growth. Total fixed investment reached RMB 172.7 billion.

Shijiazhuang has become a major industrial city in North China and is considered to be the economic center of Hebei province. The city is the largest base for the pharmaceutical industry and is also one of the most important textile industry bases. Other main sectors include machinery and chemicals, building materials, light industry and electronics. With abundant agricultural resources, Shijiazhuang has 590,000 hectares of cultivated land and is the main source of high quality cotton, pears, dates and walnuts in Hebei province.

In 2008, total imports reached US$1.393 billion, an increase of 42.1 percent over the previous year. Exports increased by 34.9 percent to US$5.596 billion.

The Shijiazhuang municipal government reports that higher education and vocational education continue to experience rapid development, while compulsory education has experienced an increase in quality. A 2006 World Bank reports that Shijiazhuang spends less than RMB400 per capita on education, as opposed to Beijing (RMB1,044) and Weihai (RMB1,631).[12]

Development Zones

The zone was established in March 1991 as a State-level development zone and is divided into three districts. Several National Highways like 107, 207, 307, 308 pass through the zone, and it is 15 km (9.3 mi) away from Shijiazhuang Railway Station, 105 km (65 mi) away from Tianjin Port. The zone has comprehensive infrastructure and industries encouraged include pharmaceuticals, electronic information, mechanical production, automobile manufacturing, chemicals production and logistics.[13]

The Eastern District, located in the eastern part of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi), and serves as the primary section of the New High-tech Industrial Development Zone. The district focuses on the establishment of new high-tech enterprises. There are plans to expand the district into an area of 9.8 km2 (3.8 sq mi). A special railway line operated by Shijiazhuang Oil Refinery runs through the zone from north to south, making it easy for enterprises in the zone to build lines of their own if necessary.

The Western District, located in the southwest of Shijiazhuang, covers an area of 8.2 km2 (3.2 sq mi). It focuses on small- and medium-sized technology enterprises and technology incubation. Liangcun District, which borders the Western District, covers 4 km2 (1.5 sq mi), and focuses on the pharmaceutical industry and the petrochemical industry. All three districts are subject to the same policies and regulations.

Since their/its foundation, 2,560 enterprises have settled in the zone, of which 185 are foreign-funded enterprises. At present, firms from Japan, the US, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Italy, Canada, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan have all established themselves in the zone.[12]

Dairy centre

The city is an important centre for the dairy trade, being the headquarters of the Sanlu Group. Sanlu became Shijiazhuang's largest taxpayer since it had become the largest formula seller in China for a continuous 15-year period. Richard McGregor, author of The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers, said that Sanlu became "an invaluable asset for a city otherwise struggling to attract industry and investment on a par with China's premier metropolises."[14]

Both the dairy trade and Sanlu were affected by the 2008 Chinese milk scandal. Chairman and General Manager of Sanlu, and several party officials, including vice mayor in charge of food and agriculture, Zhang Fawang, were reportedly removed from office.[15][16][17] Mayor Ji Chuntang reportedly resigned on 17 September;[18]

Since Sanlu, the region's largest purchaser of milk, was ordered to halt production, farmers in Hebei are suffering hardship because of the lack of purchasers for their milk. Many are said to be contemplating selling their cows into a buyerless market.[19]

Transportation

Downtown Shijiazhuang

Infrastructure

In 2001, the city received approval from the World Bank for a US$100 million loan for the Shijiazhuang Urban Transport Project, which was designed to foster the development of an efficient and environmentally sustainable urban transport system while providing a wider set of travel choices for users. The project is scheduled to be completed by December 31, 2008, with a total estimated cost of US$266 million. Major elements of the project include the upgrading of 25 kilometers of peripheral roads linking the city to the surrounding provincial highways, the upgrading and construction of 52 kilometers of urban major arterial roads, and the construction of six multi-level interchanges, two major rail overpasses, and 21 pedestrian crossing facilities.

Rail and roads

Shijiazhuang is a transportation hub: it is at the intersection point of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Taiyuan–Dezhou, and Shuozhou–Huanghua railroads. The new Shijiazhuang Railway Station (opened December 2012) has a rare distinction of being served by both the "conventional" Beijing–Guangzhou Railway and the new Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway. Such an arrangement is fairly uncommon on China's high-speed rail network, as typically high-speed lines are constructed to bypass city cores, where the older "conventional" train stations are.[20] In Shijiazhuang's case, to make it possible to bring the new high-speed railway into the central city, a 5 km (3.1 mi) long railway tunnel was constructed under the city. This is the first time a high-speed railway has been run under a Chinese city.[21][22] There is also a smaller Shijiazhuang North Railway Station, used by trains going west toward Taiyuan without entering Shijiazhuang's city centre. The city is served by many expressways, including the Beijing–Shenzhen and Taiyuan–Cangzhou Expressways.

Subway

The Shijiazhuang Metro (Chinese: 石家庄轨道交通) is currently under construction throughout the city. 3 lines are being built incorporating 52 stations, 59.6 km length at a cost of 40 billion RMB. The government have announced that they plan to create 6 lines in the city. The first line (Line 1) has an expected completion date of 2017 with lines 2 and 3 having an expected completion of 2020.

Airport

The Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport is the province’s center of air transportation. It is located about 30 kilometers northeast of the city and can accommodate all types of medium and large-sized aircraft. Presently there are 32 domestic routes arriving at and departing from Shijiazhuang, including destinations such as Shanghai, Shenzhen, Dalian, Hong Kong, and other medium and large cities. In addition, the airport services 12 international destinations including four routes to Russia. The airport is currently being expanded and will be capable of being an alternate airport to Beijing Capital International Airport.[12]

With the opening of the Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway at the end of 2012, the airport got its own train station, making available fast, although infrequent, train service between the airport and Shijiazhuang Railway Station, as well as other stations in the region.[23]

Cycling

Most large roads in the city feature a separate cycle lane and combined with the city proper being extremely flat make it ideal for cycling. Thousands of cyclists use the city each day and you will often see more cyclists waiting at a crossroad than cars. Cycling is often faster when traveling short distances across the city and is a relatively safe mode of transport.

Military

Shijiazhuang is headquarters of the 27th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise the Beijing Military Region responsible for defending China's capital.

Culture

City Centre

The city of Shijiazhuang is similar to Beijing in that all roads run from north to south and east to west, making the city easy to navigate. Many roads have cycle paths making it a cyclist friendly and safe city of cyclists. In the heart of the city is The Hebei Museum (Chinese: 河北博物馆; pinyin: Héběi Bówùguǎn) after undergoing a refurbishment during 2013 and 2014 the museum holds regular events, mostly showing traditional Chinese art and artefacts. The Yutong International Sports Centre hosts the Shijiazhuang Ever Bright football matches as well as holding pop concerts for many successful Chinese pop stars and bands. Shijiazhuang Zoo is located on the west side of the city. The zoo totally houses more than 3,000 animals that belong to over 250 species including flamingos, golden monkeys, manchurian tigers, Indian elephants, giraffes, chimpanzees, kangaroos, seals, white tigers, springboks and pandas. Near the Shijiazhuang Zoo are the Botanical Gardens (Chinese: 石家庄植物园), offering a range of exotic and native plants both to view and purchase.The Martyrs Memorial (Chinese: 烈士纪念馆) can be found in the centre of the city, commemorating the soldiers lost in war.

Places of Interest

Nantianmen (南天门), the main entrance to Mount Baodu.

Mount Baodu (Chinese: 抱犊寨, pinyin: Bàodúzhài), or Baodu Village, is an ancient fortified hilltop settlement located on the west side of the city, the mountain contains various walks and buddhist statues. Close to Bao du Zhao is Feng Long Mountain (Chinese: 封龙山) is situated 5 km outside of Shijiazhuang to the west, the mountain features several walks and a large stone buddha situated on top of the mountain. Mount Cangyan (Chinese: 苍岩山; pinyin: Cāngyán Shān; literally: "Green Cliff Mountain") is a scenic area in Jingxing County, Hebei Province, China, famous for its combination of natural mountain scenery with historical man-made structures. It was featured in a scene of the Chinese movie Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon

Mount Cangyan in September 2007

The Longxing Temple (Chinese: 隆興寺; pinyin: Lóngxīng Sì) is an ancient Buddhist monastery located just outside the city. It has been referred to as the "First Temple south of Beijing". The Anji Bridge (also known as Zhaozhou Bridge) (simplified Chinese: 安济桥; traditional Chinese: 安濟橋; pinyin: Ānjì Qiáo; literally: "Safe crossing bridge") is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. Credited to the design of a craftsman named Li Chun, the bridge was constructed in the years 595-605 during the Sui dynasty (581–618). It is the oldest standing bridge in China. The Pagoda of Bailin Temple (Chinese: 从谂禅师舍利塔; pinyin: Cóngshĕn Chánshī Shĕlìtǎ or Chinese: 赵州塔; pinyin: Zhàozhōu Tǎ) is an octagonal-based brick Chinese pagoda built in 1330 during the reign of Emperor Wenzong, ruler of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).

Parks

Shijiazhuang city centre contains a range of parks differing in size. The largest park is found in the centre of the city known as Chang An Park (Chinese: 长安公园), this park includes an underground shopping mall, a theatre, a museum, a lake, bars and various restaurants. Another popular park is to be found on the south east side of the city: Century Park (Chinese: 世纪公园), Century Park contains a lake in the centre with an amusement park to the north side. Finally, on the northwest side of the city is Water Park (Chinese: 水上公园）which features a large lake, amusement rides, short walks and various restaurants. As well as these three large parks there are smaller parks scattered across the city.

Shopping

In the last 5 years development in the city has increased rapidly with the opening of new shopping malls and department stores. The largest in the city being the Wanda shopping mall on the southeast side of the city along with the Lerthai shopping mall in the centre of the city and Wondermall on the southwest side. All shopping malls feature a range of western brands such as Starbucks, McDonalds, H&M, Uniqlo, Sephora, Pizza Hut, Costa Coffee, KFC, Watsons, Carre Four and Zara among many other chain stores and brands. The Wanda shopping mall on the southeast side of the city includes an IMAX theatre.

Nightlife

Shijiazhuang is home to a range of nightclubs all across the city: Rex, Mazzo, Deep and Ant being some of the more popular and recently built clubs in the center of the city. The nightclubs offer a mix of DJs and performances by both Chinese and Western singers and dancers. Popular bars in city include, Story bar and Freely's among many others.

Food

During the summer Shijiazhuang's eating habits change enormously, along many streets barbecue restaurants (Chinese: 烧烤) will open selling a whole range of foods, the most popular of which will be the lamb kebabs (Chinese: 羊肉串). Thousands of restaurants can be found across the city offering a range of Chinese as well as western cuisine open around the clock.

Sport

Shijiazhuang Ever Bright F.C Emblem

Shijiazhuang Ever Bright Football Club.

Shijiazhuang Ever Bright F.C. (simplified Chinese: 石家庄永昌; traditional Chinese: 石家莊永昌; pinyin: Shíjiāzhuāng Yǒngchāng) is a Chinese football club based in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China who currently compete in the Chinese Super League. They play in the 37,000 seater Yutong International Sports Centre.

Hebei Fortune Football Club

Hebei Fortune F.C. (simplified Chinese: 河北华夏幸福; traditional Chinese: 河北華夏幸福; pinyin: Héběi Huáxià Xìngfú) or simply Heibei CFFC, is a football club based in Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China. They play in the 37,000 seater Yutong International Sports Centre in Shijiazhuang city centre and currently compete in the China League One division.

Yutong International Sports Center

Yutong International Sports Center (Simplified Chinese: 裕彤国际体育中心) is a multi-use stadium in Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The capacity of this stadium is 38,500.

Health

Hospitals

Education

Universities and colleges

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Shijiazhang pronunciation". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  2. ↑ "Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions". PRC Central Government Official Website. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
  3. ↑ http://www.distancefromto.net/between/Beijing/Shijiazhuang
  4. ↑ "最新中国城市人口数量排名（根据2010年第六次人口普查）". www.elivecity.cn. 2012. Retrieved 2014-05-28.
  5. ↑ http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/52434834.html
  6. ↑ Kenneth Pomeranz (July 22, 2010), Musings on a Museum: A Trip to Xibaipo
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 2015-01-15.
  8. ↑ Qin, Jize (2004-07-15). "Most polluted cities in China blacklisted". China Daily.
  9. ↑ "WEATHER & EXTREME EVENTS 7 of 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities Are in China". JAN 16, 2013 (Imaginechina/Corbis). http://news.discovery.com. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  10. ↑ Coonan, Clifford (March 6, 2013). "Pollution in China: tasting the air". allianz.com. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  11. ↑ Bildner, Eli (February 27, 2013). "Interactive Maps of China’s Most–and Least–Polluted Places". Global Voices China. http://newsmotion.org. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "China Expat city Guide". China Expat. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  13. ↑ RightSite.asia | Shijiazhuang High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
  14. ↑ McGregor, Richard (2012). The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-06-170876-3.
  15. ↑ Klaudia Lee, "Tests find tainted baby milk at 21 more firms", Page A1, South China Morning Post (17 September 2008)
  16. ↑ Xinhua, "Officials, company manager sacked following baby milk powder scandal", chinaview.cn (16 September 2008)
  17. ↑ Lee Spears, China Revokes `Inspection-Free' Right as Milk Scandal Spreads, Bloomberg, (17 September 2008)
  18. ↑ Death toll rises to four in tainted baby formula scandal in China, Xinhua (18 September 2008)
  19. ↑ Gillian Wong, China's dairy farmers fret as milk scandal grows, Associated Press (22 September 2008)
  20. ↑ Hung, Wing-tat; Brunello, Lara; Bunker, Jonathan, Critical Issues of High Speed Rail Development in China (PDF), p. 4
  21. ↑ Meyer, Anna-Maria; Frühauf, Johannes; Gao, Jinfa (2011), "Inner-city construction of a new high-speed railway line in China - Shijiazhuang City Tunnel and new Terminal as part of the Beijing-Shijiazhuang-Wuhan PDL", Geotechnik 34 (4): 285–290, doi:10.1002/gete.201100014
  22. ↑ Chinese high speed: in the wake of Wenzhou, by Han Qiao, 2012-07-01
  23. ↑ 坐飞机报销火车票 航空业死磕高铁 (Air passengers can have their train tickets reimbursed: Air transportation industry's fight for survival), 2012-12-28
  24. ↑ http://www.dnbconnect.com/en/search/company_3812190536732.htm

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Coordinates: 38°02′37″N 114°29′54″E / 38.04361°N 114.49833°E