Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has employed sexual violence against women and men in a manner that has been described as "terrorism".^[1] Sexual violence, as defined by The World Health Organization includes “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.”^[2] ISIL has utilized sexual violence in order to undermine a sense of security within communities, as well as to raise funds through the sale of captives into sexual slavery.^[1]

Stated justification

In October 2014, in its digital magazine Dabiq, ISIL explicitly claimed religious justification for enslaving Yazidi women. Specifically, ISIL argued that the Yazidi were idol worshipers and appealed to the shariah practice of spoils of war.^{[3][4][5][6][7][8][9]} ISIL asserts that certain Hadith and Qur’anic verses support their right to enslave and rape captive non-Muslim women.^[10][11][12] ISIL appealed to apocalyptic beliefs and "claimed justification by a Hadith that they interpret as portraying the revival of slavery as a precursor to the end of the world."^[13] According to Dabiq, "enslaving the families of the kuffar and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Sharia’s that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Qur'an and the narration of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam."^[10][14] In late 2014 ISIL released a pamphlet that focused on the treatment of female slaves.^[15][16][17] It says fighters are allowed to have sex with adolescent girls and to beat slaves as discipline. The pamphlet's guidelines also allow fighters to trade slaves, including for sex, as long as they have not been impregnated by their owner.^{[17][18][16][15][19][20]} Charlie Winter, a researcher at the counter-extremist think tank Quilliam, described the pamphlet as "abhorent".^[18][20]

ISIL has received widespread criticism from Muslim scholars and others in the Muslim world for using part of the Qur'an to derive a ruling in isolation, rather than considering the entire Qur’an and Hadith. ^[10][11][12] In late September 2014 a group of 126 Islamic scholars had signed an open letter to the Islamic State's leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, rejecting his group's interpretations of the Qur'an and hadith to justify its actions.^[21][22] The letter accused the group of instigating fitna—sedition—by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the anti-slavery consensus of the Islamic scholarly community.^[23] According to Martin Williams in The Citizen, some hard-line Salafists apparently regard extramarital sex with multiple partners as a legitimate form of holy war and it is "difficult to reconcile this with a religion where some adherents insist that women must be covered from head to toe, with only a narrow slit for the eyes".^[24] According to Mona Siddiqui, ISIL's "narrative may well be wrapped up in the familiar language of jihad and 'fighting in the cause of Allah', but it amounts to little more than destruction of anything and anyone who doesn't agree with them"; she describes ISIL as reflecting a "lethal mix of violence and sexual power" and a "deeply flawed view of manhood".^[25] In response to the ISIL pamphlet on the treatment of slaves Abbas Barzegar, a religion professor at Georgia State University, said Muslims around the world find ISIL's "alien interpretation of Islam grotesque and abhorrent".^[19] Muslim leaders and scholars from around the world have rejected the validity of these claims, claiming that the reintroduction of slavery is unislamic, that they are required to protect ‘People of the Scripture’ including Christians, Jews, Muslims and Yazidis, and that ISIL's fatwas are invalid due to their lack of religious authority and the fatwas' inconsistency with Islam. ^{[26] [27]}

International attention

An article in Foreign Policy suggests the existence of “a bias against covering rape and sexual assault, since they tend to be viewed by some as 'women’s issues' versus 'mainstream' insurgent tactics."^[28] Others warn that sexual violence should not be categorized as an act of terror, because such a categorization could provoke dangerous consequences.^[1] Catherine M. Russell, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues affirms “the de-humanization of women and girls is central to ISIL’s campaign of terror, through which it destroys communities, rewards its fighters and feeds its evil. A coalition that fights ISIL must also fight this particularly egregious form of brutality.”^[29]

A United Nations report issued on October 2, 2014, based on 500 interviews with witnesses, said that ISIL took 450–500 women and girls to Iraq's Nineveh region in August where "150 unmarried girls and women, predominantly from the Yazidi and Christian communities, were reportedly transported to Syria, either to be given to ISIL fighters as a reward or to be sold as sex slaves".^[30] In mid-October, the UN confirmed that 5,000–7,000 Yazidi women and children had been abducted by ISIL and sold into slavery.^[31][32] In November 2014 the U.N. Commission of Inquiry on Syria said that ISIS was committing crimes against humanity.^[33][34]

Examples of sexual violence by ISIL

According to one report, ISIL's capture of Iraqi cities in June 2014 was accompanied by an upsurge in crimes against women, including kidnap and rape.^[35][36][37] The Guardian reported that ISIL's extremist agenda extended to women's bodies and that women living under their control were being captured and raped.^[38] Fighters are told that they are free to have sex and rape non-Muslim captive women.^[39] Hannaa Edwar, a leading women’s rights advocate in Baghdad who runs an NGO called Iraqi Al-Amal Association (IAA),^[40] said that none of her contacts in Mosul were able to confirm any cases of rape.^[41] However, another Baghdad-based women's rights activist, Basma al-Khateeb, said that a culture of violence existed in Iraq against women generally and felt sure that sexual violence against women was happening in Mosul involving not only ISIL but all armed groups.^[41]

In a press release by the United Nations Iraq on August 12, 2014, representatives report “atrocious accounts on the abduction and detention of Yazidi, Christian, as well as Turkomen and Shabak women, girls and boys, and reports of savage rapes, are reaching us in an alarming manner.”^[42] Instances of sexual violence appear to be increasing, with some estimates totaling 1,500 Yazidi and Christian captives forced into sexual slavery.^[42]

Amnesty International infers that ISIL has “launched a systematic campaign of ethnic cleansing in northern Iraq,” where “many of those held by IS have been threatened with rape or sexual assault or pressured to convert to Islam. In some cases entire families have been abducted”.^[43] Thus, these crimes extend beyond gender-based violence as males, in addition to females, are being targeted. This also demonstrates how sexual violence is employed to achieve a political goal, in this case for religious conversion to Islam as interpreted by ISIL.

Yazidi girls in Iraq allegedly raped by ISIL fighters have committed suicide by jumping to their death from Mount Sinjar, as described in a witness statement.^[44]

Haleh Esfandiari from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars has highlighted the abuse of local women by ISIL militants after they have captured an area. "They usually take the older women to a makeshift slave market and try to sell them. The younger girls ... are raped or married off to fighters", she said, adding, "It's based on temporary marriages, and once these fighters have had sex with these young girls, they just pass them on to other fighters."^[45] Speaking of Yazidi women captured by ISIS, Nazand Begikhani said "[t]hese women have been treated like cattle... They have been subjected to physical and sexual violence, including systematic rape and sex slavery. They've been exposed in markets in Mosul and in Raqqa, Syria, carrying price tags."^[46] Dabiq describes "this large-scale enslavement" of non-Muslims as "probably the first since the abandonment of Shariah law".^[10][14]

The Guardian^[47] reported on September 29, 2014, that ISIL extended its recruitment efforts to Western females, asking them to join the movement in order to bear children for the new caliphate.^[47] Hundreds of females, predominately between 16–24 years old, have been radicalized and abandoned their families, homes, and countries to join the jihad in the name of ISIL. At least one is as young as 13 years old.^[47]

In December 2014 the Iraqi Ministry of Human Rights announced that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant had killed over 150 women and girls in Fallujah who refused to participate in sexual jihad.^[48][49]

See also

• Islamic views on slavery
• Ma malakat aymanukum
• Persecution of Assyrians by ISIL
• Persecution of Yazidis by ISIL
• Sexual jihad
• Slavery in 21st century Islamism
• Wartime sexual violence

References

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant History Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004) Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (2004–06) Mujahideen Shura Council (2006) Islamic State of Iraq (2006–13) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–14) Self-proclaimed as the Islamic State (June 2014–present) Military Black Standard Wars and battles War on Terror Iraq War (2003–2011) Iraqi insurgency (2011–present) Syrian Civil War spillover Second Libyan Civil War Sinai insurgency Fall of Mosul Salahuddin campaign (2014–15) First Battle of Tikrit Siege of Kobanî Sinjar massacre Occupation of Derna Battle of Baiji (October–November 2014) Battle of Ramadi (2014–15) Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014) Battle of Baiji Sinjar offensive Battle of Mosul (2015) Fall of Nofaliya (2015) Al-Hasakah offensive (February–March 2015) Second Battle of Tikrit (March–April 2015) Battle of Sirte (2015) Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015) Battle of Sarrin Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015) Anbar offensive (2015) Military intervention against ISIL Intervention in Iraq Intervention in Syria Terrorist attacks Reyhanlı bombings Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis 2015 Corinthia Hotel attack 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings Curtis Culwell Center attack Politics Ideology Human rights LGBT rights Persecution of Assyrians Persecution of Yazidis Killing of captives Beheading incidents Destruction of cultural heritage Popular culture Iran United States United Kingdom Society Timeline Members Territorial claims Administrative divisions Related topics Caliphate Islamism Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency Slavery in 21st century Islamism Shia–Sunni relations Theocracy