Severodvinsk

Severodvinsk (English)
Северодвинск (Russian)
-  City[1]  -

Lomonosova Street in Severodvinsk

Location of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia
Severodvinsk
Location of Severodvinsk in Arkhangelsk Oblast
Coordinates: 64°34′N 39°52′E / 64.567°N 39.867°ECoordinates: 64°34′N 39°52′E / 64.567°N 39.867°E
Coat of arms
Anthem Anthem of Severodvinsk[2]
City Day Last Sunday of July[3]
Administrative status (as of June 2013)
Country Russia
Federal subject Arkhangelsk Oblast[4]
Administratively subordinated to city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk[5]
Administrative center of city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk[5]
Municipal status (as of April 2014)
Urban okrug Severodvinsk Urban Okrug[6]
Administrative center of Severodvinsk Urban Okrug[6]
Mayor[7] Mikhail Gmyrin[8]
Representative body City Council of Deputies[9]
Statistics
Population (2010 Census) 192,353 inhabitants[10]
- Rank in 2010 95th
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00)[11]
Founded 1936[12]
Previous names Sudostroy (until 1938),[12]
Molotovsk (until 1957)[12]
Postal code(s)[13] 164500–164502, 164504, 164505, 164507, 164509, 164510, 164512, 164514, 164515, 164518, 164520–164524, 164529
Dialing code(s) +7 81842[14]
Official website
Severodvinsk on WikiCommons

Severodvinsk (Russian: Северодвинск; IPA: [sʲɪvʲɪrɐdˈvʲinsk]) is a city in the north of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located in the delta of the Northern Dvina River, 35 kilometers (22 mi) west of Arkhangelsk, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 192,353.[10]

History

The territories around the North Dvina were discovered at the start of the first millennium by Vikings. British and Norman[12] ships came to these places for mining, fur and fishing before the 13th century, but later the climate became colder and access to the northern seas became closed.

The settlement on the site of modern Severodvinsk was first mentioned in 1419, when the Swedes sailed into the bay and burnt down the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery that stood by the shore. This monastery is believed to have been founded by St. Euphemius, an Orthodox missionary in Karelia. The abbey stood in ruins until 1471, when two sons of Marfa Boretskaya died in a vicious storm; their bodies were recovered on the beach near the monastery twelve days later. At the urging of Boretskaya, the monastery was restored and her sons were buried there.

On August 24, 1553, a ship of Richard Chancellor reached the salt-mining settlement of Nyonoksa, which is still famous for its traditional wooden architecture. The British sailors visited the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery, where they were surprised to find a community of "sailors in soutanes (cassocks)" and a pier large enough to accommodate several ships. The main church of this extraordinary establishment was dedicated to Saint Nicholas, the holy patron of sailors; hence, the whole White Sea became known in 16th-century English maps as "St. Nicholas Bay". In late 1613, during the Time of Troubles, Severodvinsk with the monastery was captured and looted by Polish-Lithuanian vagabonds, the Lisowczycy.

The Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery flourished after the establishment of the Muscovy Company, as the bulk of their trade passed through the local harbor. In August 1618, the harbour was visited by John Tradescant the elder, who conducted a survey of an island situated opposite the monastery. This island became known to the British as "Rose Island", because it was there that Tradescant found an exceedingly rare plant which he named "Rosa moscovita" and brought back to London.[15]

View of the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery in the early 20th century

The surviving buildings of the monastery were constructed at the close of the Muscovite period. The five-domed cathedral of St. Nicholas was built in 1670-74, preceded by the Assumption church (1664–1667), to which it is joined by a gallery. Several decades later, the walls and towers were built of timber; the best preserved of these towers was transported by the Soviets to Kolomenskoye, Moscow, where it still remains.

Severodvinsk is the second largest city in Arkhangelsk Oblast. Its main industry remains defense related — the construction and repair of submarines at the huge Northern Machinebuilding Enterprise-SEVMASH (Северное Машиностроительное Предприятие-СЕВМАШ). The Soviet Union's first nuclear submarine Leninsky Komsomol was built here in 1957 and at the beginning of the 1980s, the world's largest submarine, Typhoon class submarine, was also built here, later recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records.

Modern city

The modern city of Severodvinsk was developed in the Soviet period. As it began to be built it was called Sudostroy (Судострой).[12] It received town status in 1938 and until 1957 was named Molotovsk (Молотовск), after Vyacheslav Molotov.[12] On September 12, 1957 it was renamed Severodvinsk.

During World War II, a significant portion of the materials delivered to Russia by the Arctic Convoys to Murmansk and Arkhangelsk were unloaded in Severodvinsk. For example, the Empire Elgar, a British heavy lift ship that arrived in Arkhangelsk with convoy PQ16 and subsequently spent eight weeks unloading ships from the ill-fated convoy PQ17.

A Russian naval base supports the sea trials of nuclear submarines from the major submarine construction (64.5817 N, 39.8307 E) and repair facilities located in the area. In Soviet times the 17th-century buildings of the Nikolo-Korelsky monastery, located on the territory of the shipyard, were adapted and used for shipbuilding purposes.[16] In recent years the monastery buildings, specifically the main church, have been restored and re-consecrated. Church goers attending services have to be shipyard workers or able to obtain a pass to enter the church portion of the shipyard.

Severodvinsk is an access restricted town for foreign citizens. A special pass is required.[17]

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with eleven rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[5] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Severodvinsk is incorporated as Severodvinsk Urban Okrug.[6]

Demographics

Population: 192,353 (2010 Census);[10] 201,551 (2002 Census);[18] 248,670 (1989 Census).[19]

From 1950 until 1990, high-tech industries generated demand for a considerable quantity of suitably qualified experts and workers which prompted growth in population. Since 1992, the population has declined due to economic crises and unemployment that has provoked significant migration from the city.

Economy

Industry

The main role of the city has been, and remains, the production and repair of submarines and military ships. During the Cold War, the city prospered, but with the decline and break-up of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War the city has declined. The city's large military enterprises have survived the economic crises of the 1990s and have adjusted to new economic conditions. Severodvinsk now has the largest shipbuilding yard in Russia for large ships (tankers, cargo ships).

Large and military factories

Disassembly of a Soviet submarine in Severodvinsk, as part of the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
core line of business is the construction and repair of submarines and other naval ships, as well as civilian vessels and oil platforms
Repair of submarines, military and civil ships, construction of oil platforms and faceting of diamonds.
Manufacture of marine equipment.
Manufacture of automated equipment
Manufacture of road-building equipment and snow-ploughs.
Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway (2011)

Transportation

Severodvinsk is the terminal station of a railway line which splits of at Isakogorka station from the line connecting Moscow and Arkhangelsk.

The Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway in 2010 has appeared in Forbes ranking, of 10 most beautiful railway routes of the world.

Social sphere

Education

In the city there are thirty-two schools, a school for handicapped children, school for orphans, legal school.
School #17 grows regular winners of Russian Olympiads in Physics, many of whom upon completion enter Physics departments of best Universities of the country. Gymnasium #14 is the best Foreign Language school in the city.

Higher education institutions

The city hosts branches of the following institutions:

Monuments

City Gate

There are approximately twenty monuments and memorial complexes in the city, including:

Cultural heritage

St. Nicholas Church on Yagry Island

Fifteen objects in Severodvinsk are protected as cultural heritage monuments[20] In particular, the Nyonokotsky Pogost in the village of Nyonoksa is protected as an architecture monument on the federal level. This is one of the few surviving triple wooden church ensembles, consisting of two churches (a bigger, not heated, church used in the summer, a smaller, heated church used in the winter) and a bell-tower. Nyonoksa was also notable for salt production.

In addition, the wooden St. Nicholas Church, currently located on Yagry Island in the northern part of Severodvinsk, was relocated there in 1990s and was the first religious building open in the city. The church was built in the end of 19th century in the village of Solza about 20 kilometers (12 mi) from Severodvinsk.

Sport

The bandy club Sevmash plays in a recreational league.

City in culture

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

Severodvinsk is twinned with:

Climate

Climate data for Severodvinsk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7)		 −8.3
(17.1)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 4.1
(39.4)		 10.8
(51.4)		 17.6
(63.7)		 20.9
(69.6)		 18.3
(64.9)		 11.5
(52.7)		 3.9
(39)		 −2.2
(28)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 4.8
(40.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −14.5
(5.9)		 −12.2
(10)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −0.2
(31.6)		 6.5
(43.7)		 12.6
(54.7)		 15.8
(60.4)		 13.2
(55.8)		 7.8
(46)		 1.6
(34.9)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 0.8
(33.4)
Average low °C (°F) −16.6
(2.1)		 −15.6
(3.9)		 −11.7
(10.9)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 1.9
(35.4)		 7.9
(46.2)		 11.2
(52.2)		 9.8
(49.6)		 5.2
(41.4)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 −7.2
(19)		 −13.2
(8.2)		 −2.7
(27.1)
Avg. precipitation days 21 19 19 16 15 15 13 16 16 21 22 24 217
Source: pogoda.ru[22]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 430 005», в ред. изменения №243/2014 от 18 апреля 2014 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 11 430 005, as amended by the Amendment #243/2014 of April 18, 2014. ).
  2. ↑ Decision #123
  3. ↑ Charter of Severodvinsk, Article 1.3
  4. ↑ Law #65-5-OZ, Article 15.1.1
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Oblast Law #65-5-OZ
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ
  7. ↑ Charter of Severodvinsk, Article 33.1.2
  8. ↑ Official website of the Administration of Severodvinsk. Mikhail Arkadyevich Gmyrin, Mayor of Severodvinsk (Russian)
  9. ↑ Charter of Severodvinsk, Article 33.1.1
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  11. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 21 июля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Severodvinsk—test of strength (Russian), "Pravda Severa" publishing house, 1998
  13. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
  14. ↑ Телефонный код города Северодвинск (in Russian). Коды городов. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  15. ↑ Hamel, Joseph. England and Russia: Comprising the Voyages of John Tradescant, the Elder... Adamant Media Corporation. p. 282. ISBN 1-4021-8427-1.
  16. ↑ "XX век" (in Russian). Управление образования Северодвинска. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  17. ↑ http://www.pomorland.travel/en/kak_dobratsya/kuda_ne_dobratsya/
  18. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  19. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года[All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  20. ↑ Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  21. ↑ Голубцова, Ольга Валентиновна (1993). Русская жена убийцы президента: Молотовск-Даллас (in Russian). Северодвинск.
  22. ↑ "Historical Weather for Severodvinsk". Retrieved August 25, 2011.

Sources

External links