Schepen
The Dutch word schepen (Dutch pl. schepenen) refers to the incumbent of a municipal civic office in Dutch-speaking countries. The term is still in use in Belgium, but it has been replaced by wethouder in the Netherlands. The closest English terms are alderman, member of the municipal executive, councillor and magistrate, depending on the context. The word schepen is not used in English, so this article refers only to the office in Dutch-speaking countries. This Dutch term is related to the terms used in other European languages, including échevin in French (in Belgium and Luxembourg), Schöffe in German, šepmistr in Czech, and scabino in Italian.
Belgium
In Flanders, schepen is the Dutch term used for a town alderman who serves on the executive board in the municipal government. Though there is no direct English cognate, the Dutch term schepen is generally translated into English as "alderman", "municipal councillor or "town councillor".[1] However, these terms do not really adequately express the idea that the schepen is a member of the executive board and not just an ordinary councillor.
Each Flemish municipality has an elected town council. During the first meeting of a newly elected town council, council members vote by secret ballot to elect the schepenen. An absolute majority (more than half the votes) is required for a schepen to be voted in. Once elected, the schepenen serve with the mayor on an executive board charged with the day-to-day management of town and city affairs. The executive board is referred to in Dutch as the "college van burgemeester en schepenen".
Schepenen are often assigned portfolio areas such as culture, education or city planning. They have several executive responsibilities relating to their portfolios and thus assist the mayor in governing the town or city.
The total number of schepenen in a town depends on its population. A city like Antwerp has ten; whereas Herstappe, the smallest community in Belgium, has only two. Since a schepen is also an ordinary alderman or town councillor, he or she must be re-elected to remain in the office of schepen. Since 2006, Belgian citizenship has not been a requirement for the position.
The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, the term schepen has been discontinued and replaced by wethouder.
Historically, schepenen had administrative and judicial duties in a Dutch seigneury (heerlijkheid). When acting in an administrative capacity, a schepen was similar to an alderman or town councillor, and is usually referrd to in that way in English.
When acting in a judicial capacity, the schepenen were often referred to as the schepenbank. One of the functions of the schepenbank was to pass judgment on criminals, thereby functioning as a jury or magistrates' bench. As a result, the word schepen is often translated into English as "magistrate" in this Dutch historical context.[2]
The phrase schout en schepenen appears in many legal documents prior to the Napoleonic period, including the civil register of marriages. This phrase was used in both administrative and judicial contexts. If they were acting in an administrative capacity, schout en schepenen may be expressed in English as "the mayor and aldermen" (or a similar phrase like "the mayor and councillors"). If they were acting in a judicial capacity, schout en schepenen may be expressed in English as "magistrate's court" (or a similar phrase like "magistrates' bench" or "aldermen's court").
The office of schepen was dissolved by the Napoleonic reforms at the end of the Ancien Régime.
Etymology
The Dutch word schepen has its origins in the Old Saxon word scepino (meaning "judge") and is related to the German word Schöffe ("lay magistrate"). The word made its way into early Medieval Latin as scabinus in France.
Originally, the word referred to member of a council of "deciders" – literally, "judgment finders" (oordeelvinders) – that sat at a mandatory public assembly called a ding (or "thing" in English). Their judgments originally required ratification by a majority of the people present. Later, mandatory attendance (dingplicht) and ratification were no longer required.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Van Dale Groot Woordenboek Nederlands–Engels
- ↑ For example, see Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches and J.L. Price, Dutch Society 1588–1713