Sarah Moore Grimké

Sarah Moore Grimké
Born November 26, 1792
South Carolina
Died December 23, 1873 (aged 81)
Occupation Abolitionist, writer, feminist
Relatives John Faucheraud Grimké (father)
Thomas Smith Grimké (brother)
Angelina Grimké (sister)

Sarah Moore Grimké (November 26, 1792 – December 23, 1873) was an American abolitionist, writer, and member of the women's suffrage movement. Born in South Carolina to a prominent planter family, she later moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where she became a Quaker and joined her younger sister Angelina Grimké in the abolition movement. The sisters extensively spoke out in public to oppose slavery and advocate for women's rights.

Early life

Sarah Grimké – her parents sometimes called her "Sally"[1] – was born in South Carolina, the sixth[1] of fourteen children and the second daughter[1] of Mary and John Faucheraud Grimké, a rich plantation owner who was also an attorney and a judge in South Carolina.

Sarah’s early experiences with education shaped her future as an abolitionist and feminist. Throughout her childhood, she was keenly aware of the inferiority of her own education when compared to her brothers’ classical one. Despite the fact that everyone around her recognized her remarkable intelligence, she was prevented from obtaining a substantive education or pursuing her dream of becoming an attorney, due to these dreams being considered "unwomanly."[2] She received education from private tutors on subjects considered appropriate for young women of the time,[3] although her father did relent to the extent of allowing her to teach herself geography, history and mathematics from the books in his library, and to read his law books; however he drew the line at her learning Latin.[4]

Sarah’s mother Mary was a dedicated homemaker and an active member in the community. She was a leader in the Charleston’s Ladies Benevolent Society. Mary was also an active Episcopalian and consequently often devoted herself to the poor and to women incarcerated in a nearby prison. Mary's rigid beliefs and her many activities kept her from developing affectionate relationships with her children.[5]

Perhaps because she felt so confined herself, Sarah developed a connection to her family's slaves to an extent that unsettled her parents. From the time she was twelve years old, Sarah spent her Sunday afternoons teaching Bible classes to the young slaves on the plantation, an experience she found extremely frustrating. While she wanted desperately to teach them to read the scripture for themselves, and they had a longing for such learning, she was refused. Her parents claimed that literacy would only make the slaves unhappy and rebellious. They also suggested that mental exertion would make them unfit for physical labor. Furthermore, teaching slaves to read had been against the law in South Carolina since 1740.

Sarah secretly taught Hetty, her personal slave, to read and write, but when her parents discovered the young tutor at work, the vehemence of her father’s response proved alarming. He was furious and nearly had the young slave girl whipped. Fear of causing trouble for the slaves themselves prevented Sarah from undertaking such a task again. Years afterward she reflected on the incident, writing "I took an almost malicious satisfaction in teaching my little waiting maid at night, when she was supposed to be occupied in combing and brushing my locks. The light was put out, the keyhole screened, and flat on our stomachs before the fire, with the spelling book under our eyes, we defied the laws of South Carolina."[6]

When Sarah's brother Thomas went off to Yale Law School in 1805,[7] Sarah remained at home. During Thomas' visits back home, Thomas continued teaching Sarah new ideas about the dangers of Enlightenment and the importance of religion. These ideas, combined with her secret studies of the law, gave her some of the basis for her later work as an activist.[5] Her father told her that if she had been a man, she would have been the greatest lawyer in South Carolina.[8] Not only did she find the denial of education unfair, Sarah was further perplexed that while her parents and others within the community encouraged slaves to be baptized and to attend worship services, these believers were not viewed as true brothers and sisters in faith.

From her youth, Sarah determined that religion should take a more proactive role in improving the lives of those who suffered most. Her religious quest took her first to Presbyterianism – she converted in 1817[1] – and then, in 1821, after she moved to Philadelphia, to the Quakers.[1] There, she became an outspoken advocate for education and suffrage for African-Americans and women.[9]

By 1817, Sarah's father was seriously ill and the doctors of Charleston recommended he travel to Philadelphia to consult Philip Syng Physick. Despite her vehement objections, her father insisted that Sarah, then 26 years old, accompany him as his nursemaid. Sarah relented, and they left Charleston for the north in May 1819. When Synge found he could not help, he suggested that they take the sea air of the fishing village of Long Branch, New Jersey, and they dutifully moved there and settled into a boardinghouse, where, after just a few weeks, John Faucheraud Grimké died.[10][11]

As a result of her experience caring for her father, Sarah became more self-assured, independent, and morally responsible. She stayed in Philadelphia a few months after her father died and met Israel Morris, who would introduce her to Quakerism, specifically the writings of John Woolman.[2][12] She returned to Charleston, but decided that she would return to Philadelphia to become a Quaker minister and leave her Episcopalian upbringing behind. She was stymied, however, when she was repeatedly ignored and shut out by the male-dominated council.[2] Becoming alienated, she later wrote "I think no criminal under sentence of death can look more fearfully to the day of execution than I do towards out Yearly Meeting."[13]

She returned to Charleston in the spring of 1827 to “save” her sister Angelina from the limitations of the South. Angelina visited Sarah in Philadelphia from July to November of the same year and returned to Charleston committed to the Quaker faith. After leaving Charleston, Angelina and Sarah traveled around New England speaking in large parlors and small churches. Their speeches concerning abolition and women's rights reached thousands.[14] In November, 1829, Angelina joined her sister in Philadelphia.[15] The influence Sarah had on Angelina may have come from the close relationship they had enjoyed since they were young. For years, Angelina called Sarah “mother,” as Sarah was both her godmother and primary caretaker.[12]

In 1868, Sarah discovered three illegitimate mixed-race nephews that her older brother had by his personal slave. Welcoming them into the family, she worked to provide funds to educate Archibald Grimké and Francis James Grimké, who went on to successful careers and marriages, and were leaders in the African-American community.[2]

Activism

See also: Grimké sisters

Sarah and Angelina, although daughters of a plantation owner, had come to loathe slavery and all its degradations. They had hoped that their new faith would be more accepting of their abolitionist beliefs than their former had been. However, their initial attempts to attack slavery caused them difficulties in the Quaker community. The sisters persisted despite their belief that the fight for women's rights was as important as the fight to abolish slavery. They continued to be attacked, even by some abolitionists, who considered their position extreme. In 1836, Sarah published Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States. In 1837, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women was published serially in a Massachusetts newspaper, The Spectator, and immediately reprinted in The Liberator, the newspaper published by radical abolitionist and women's rights leader William Lloyd Garrison. The letters were published in book form in 1838.

When the sisters were together in Philadelphia, they devoted themselves to the Quakers' Society of Friends and other charity work. Sarah began working toward becoming a clergy member but was continually discouraged by male members of the church. Sarah realized that, though the church was something she agreed with in theory, it was not delivering on its promises. It was around this time that anti-slavery rhetoric began entering public discourse.

Joining her sister in the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1836, Sarah originally felt that she had found the place where she truly belonged, in which her thoughts and ideas were encouraged. However, as she and Angelina began speaking not only on abolition, but also on the importance of women's rights, they began to face much criticism. Their public speeches were seen as unwomanly because they spoke to mixed-gender audiences, called "promiscuous audiences" at the time. They also publicly debated men who disagreed with them. This was too much for the general public of 1837 and caused many harsh attacks on their womanhood; one line of thought suggested that they were both just poor "spinsters" displaying themselves in order to find any man who would be willing to take one.[2]

In 1838, Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist who had been a severe critic of their inclusion of women's rights into the abolition movement. She retired to the background of the movement while being a wife and mother, though not immediately. Sarah completely ceased to speak publicly. Apparently Weld had recently written her a letter detailing her inadequacies in speaking. He tried to explain that he wrote this out of love for her, but said that she was damaging the cause, not helping it, unlike her sister. However, as Sarah received many requests to speak over the following years (as did Angelina), it is questionable whether her "inadequacies" were as bad as he described.[2]

During the Civil War, Sarah wrote and lectured in support of President Abraham Lincoln.

Legacy and influence

Sarah Moore Grimké was the author of the first developed public argument for women's equality. She worked to rid the United States of slavery, Christian churches which had become “unchristian,” and prejudice against African Americans and women.[2]

Her writings gave suffrage workers such as Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott several arguments and ideas that they would need to help end slavery and begin the women’s suffrage movement.[2][16]

Sarah Grimke is categorized as not only an abolitionist but also a feminist because she challenged the Society for Friends, which touted women's inclusion but denied her. It was through her abolitionist pursuits that she became more sensitive to the restrictions on women. She so opposed being subject to men that she refused to marry. Both Sarah and Angelina became very involved in the anti-slavery movement and published volumes of literature and letters on the topic. When they became well known, they began lecturing around the country on the issue. At the time women did not speak in public meetings, so Sarah was viewed as a leader in feminist issues. She openly challenged women’s domestic roles.

In popular culture

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Perry (2002), p.xi
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Lumpkin, Shirley. "American Women Prose Writers: 1820-1870" in Hudock, Amy E. and Rodier, Katharine. (eds.) Dictionary of Literary Biography v.239. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. From Literature Resource Center
  3. ↑ Taylor, Marion A., & Weir, Heather E. (2006). Let her speak for herself: nineteenth century women writing on women of genesis. p.42
  4. ↑ Perry (2002), p.1
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Durso (2003)
  6. ↑ Perry (2002), p.2
  7. ↑ Perry (2002), p.24
  8. ↑ Perry (2002), p.2 Lerner gives a somewhat different version, in which her father said "she would have made the greatest jurist in the country." Lerner (1998) p.25
  9. ↑ Grimké, Sarah. Letter addressed to Mary S. Parker, President of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, in Letters on the Equality of the Sexes
  10. ↑ Perry (2002), pp.34-37, 42
  11. ↑ Ceplair (1989) p.xv
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lerner (1998)
  13. ↑ Perry (2002), p.84
  14. ↑ Ritchie, Joy (2001). Available Means. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  15. ↑ Ceplair (1989)
  16. ↑ Million, Joelle, Woman's Voice, Woman's Place: Lucy Stone and the Birth of the Women's Rights Movement. Praeger, 2003. ISBN 0-275-97877-X, pp. 36, 68, 160.
  17. ↑ Salisbury, Stephen. "Painted Bride productions on 19th century women touch familiar issues", Philadelphia Inquirer (April 26, 2013)
  18. ↑ Bosman, Julie. "Oprah Winfrey Picks ‘Invention of Wings’ for Her Book Club", New York Times (December 10, 2013)

Bibliography

External links

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Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Sarah Grimké.