Salon des Cent
Salon des Cent ("Salon of the One Hundred") was a commercial art exhibition in Paris, based at 31 Rue Bonaparte. The Salon sold color posters, prints and reproductions of artwork to the general public at reasonable prices.[1] It was established in February 1894 by Léon Deschamps, founder of La Plume ("The Pen") an avant garde literary and artistic magazine. It became known for its exhibitions showcasing the works of contemporary graphical artists.[2] The salon held exhibitions until 1900.[3] Many of the posters advertising Salon des Cent exhibitions have themselves become collectors' items.
La Plume
La Plume was an artistic and literary journal founded by Léon Deschamps in 1889, at first located on 36 Boulevard Arago.[4] Articles in La Plume covered a broad range of subjects ranging from realism, socialism and anarchism to Catholic mysticism and the aristocracy.[5] The journal moved to 31 Rue Bonaparte in July 1891, where the spacious new offices gave room to mount art exhibitions. Before these began, La Plume displayed various objects in the "Salon de la Plume", with the visual arts taking second place to objects associated with literature, poetry and philosophy.[4]
Advances in color lithography in the 1890s made it practical to make large posters for use as advertisements, and also for art collectors. A poster craze developed, with huge demand for Art Nouveau lithographs in Europe and America.[6] The growing focus of La Plume on contemporary graphical art was clearly established by the publication of an issue of La Plume in November 1893 dedicated to the history of the poster.[4] At times the magazine would devote a special issue to one artist. These included Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, James Ensor, Alexandre Falguière, André des Gachons, Eugène Grasset, Henry de Groux, Alphonse Mucha and Auguste Rodin.[5]
Salon
In theory Le Salon des Cent was a group of one hundred artists, hence the name, but there was never a precise list and participation varied. Some artists were invited to become members, including Puvis de Chavannes, Jules Chéret, Grasset and Marcellin Desboutin. Others were simply artists who had been asked to participate in exhibitions. The salon had no jury and no prizes, and the artists could choose what they wanted to exhibit, being constrained only by the available space.[4] The Salon des Cent publicized itself as a permanent, constantly changing exhibition of its members' works.[7] It exerted considerable influence on development of the Art Nouveau poster.[8]
Le Salon des Cent usually exhibited in a set of rooms within the magazine premises.[5] An exhibition of the Salon des Cent was announced in October 1891, and again in February 1892, but in fact the first exhibition at 31 Rue Bonaparte was not until 1 February 1894. In addition to the sales catalogs for the works of various artists, the many special editions of La Plume served as catalogs for specific exhibitions.[4] The Salon also commissioned special posters for its exhibitions.[9] The Salon built up a huge collection of original posters from many countries, and acted as both wholesaler and retailer of these works. The collection included all of Mucha's posters and paintings, and many by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Berthon, de Feure and the Glasgow Four as well as American artists.[9]
Artists
Eugène Grasset was active in the Salon des Cent.[8] He first tackled the Art Nouveau poster style in his posters for the 1894 Salon des Cents.[10] The second exhibition, which opened on 3 April 1894, was entirely devoted to his works.[11] A special edition of La Plume of 15 May 1894 was dedicated to Grasset.[12] The poster by Grasset for the fifth Salon des Cent announced the themes that would dominate painting in the following years, and has been widely reproduced. In many ways it copies the poster for the second Salon. It reflects Grasset's interest in medieval times. The poster, filling the frame with a bold composition, shows a simply-dressed young woman gazing thoughtfully at an umbel of angelica.[13]
In January 1895 Mucha's Art Nouveau poster for Sarah Bernhardt as Gismonda was displayed across Paris.[10] The next year Mucha created the poster for the 20th Salon exhibition, which opened on 22 April 1896.[14] When Léon Deschamps saw the draft he told Mucha, "Execute this design just as it is, and you will have created the masterpiece of the illustrated decorative poster."[15] In June 1897 the Salon put on an exhibition dedicated to Mucha.[16] Some of the posters by Mucha and Grasset were printed in very limited editions on silk satin.[9]
Georges de Feure exhibited for the first time at the fourth Salon des Cent, which took place at the Boulogne-sur-Mer Casino for the whole month of August 1894. The fifth exhibition, at 31 rue Bonaparte from 5–30 October 1894, exhibited almost the same works.[4] Georges de Feure was to exhibit at the Salon for several years. Léon Deschamps and La Plume played a major role in the artistic development of his posters.[17]
Toulouse-Lautrec exhibited several times at the Salon des Cent between 1895 and 1898.[18] Lautrec's La Passagere du 54 – Promenade en Yacht was used as the poster for the 1896 opening of the International Poster Exhibition at the Salons des Cent.[19] His series Elles was exhibited as a whole for the first time in 1896 at the 20th Salon exhibition.[20] James Ensor exhibited some of his etchings at the Salon in 1898, using an 1888 drawing called Demons teasing me as a poster for the exhibit. La Plume published a special edition to accompany the show that included several articles praising his work.[21] This was Ensor's first one-man exhibition outside Belgium.[22]
Other posters included classic Art Nouveau images by Paul Emile Berthon, Fernand Fau, Arsène Herbinier and Firmin Bouisset.[9] Notable artists who showcased at the Salon des Cent also included Albert André, Pierre Bonnard, Frédéric-Auguste Cazals, Edgar Degas, Henri Evenepoel, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Gustave-Henri Jossot, René Lalique, Henri Matisse, Gustave Moreau and Louis Valtat.
Gallery
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Henri-Gabriel Ibels poster for the first Salon des Cent exhibition 1893. The exhibition actually opened on 1 February 1894.
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1895 poster by Armand Rassenfosse.
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Poster by Georges de Feure, advertising the fifth Salon.
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1895 poster by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, La Passagere du 54, used for the 1896 Salon exhibition of international posters.
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Post by Alphonse Mucha for the twentieth Salon des Cent, April 1896
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Poster by Andrew Kay Womrath for the 25th exhibition, March 1897
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1897 poster by Arsène Herbinier
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Mucha poster for the Salon des Cent exhibition of June 1897.
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1899 poster for the 40th exhibition of the Salon des Cent by Henri Evenepoel.
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Poster for a Salon des Cent exhibition in December 1899 by Fernand Louis Gottlob
References
- Citations
- ↑ Raynal 1956, p. 14.
- ↑ Rice University 1976, p. 95.
- ↑ Deputte 1994, p. 94.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Millman 1992, p. 58.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Arwas 2002, p. 173.
- ↑ Haggerty Museum of Art 2006.
- ↑ Jensen 1996, p. 133.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Clausen 1987, p. 93.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Arwas 2002, p. 178.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lahor 2007, p. 27.
- ↑ Luneau 2006, p. 188.
- ↑ Luneau 2006, p. 360.
- ↑ Millman 1992, p. 60.
- ↑ Bade 2011, p. 23.
- ↑ Ulmer 1994, p. 26.
- ↑ Bade 2011, p. 45.
- ↑ Millman 1992, p. 66.
- ↑ Wittrock 1985, p. 12.
- ↑ Donson & Griepp 1983, p. xiii.
- ↑ Wittrock 1985, p. 378.
- ↑ Sturgis 2006, p. 155.
- ↑ Swinbourne 2009, p. 199.
- Sources
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- Arwas, Victor (2002). Art Nouveau: The French Aesthetic. Papadakis Publisher. ISBN 1901092372.
- Bade, Patrick (2011). Mucha. Parkstone International. ISBN 178042230X.
- Clausen, Meredith L. (1987). Frantz Jourdain and the Samaritaine: Art Nouveau Theory and Criticism. Brill Archive. ISBN 9004078797.
- Deputte, Jocelyne van (1994). Le Salon des cent: 1894–1900 : affiches d'artistes. Paris-Musées. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- Donson, Theodore B.; Griepp, Marvel M. (1983). Great Lithographs by Toulouse-Lautrec. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486243591.
- Haggerty Museum of Art (1 January 2006). "Art Nouveau French Posters : Berthon, Grasset & Mucha, the Milton and Paula Gutglass Collection". Retrieved 10 May 2012.
- Jensen, Robert (1996). Marketing Modernism in Fin-de-siècle Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691029261.
- Lahor, Jean (2007). Art Nouveau. Parkstone International. ISBN 1780427905.
- Luneau, Jean-François (2006). Félix Gaudin, peintre-verrier et mosaïste, 1851–1930. Presses Univ Blaise Pascal. ISBN 2845162847.
- Millman, Ian (1992). Georges de Feure: maître du symbolisme et de l'Art Nouveau (in French). Acr Edition International. ISBN 2867700469.
- Raynal, Maurice (1956). Modern painting. Skira. p. 14. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- Rice University (1976). Art nouveau, Belgium, France: catalogue of an exhibition organized by the Institute for the Arts, Rice University, and the Art Institute of Chicago. Institute for the Arts, Rice University. ISBN 978-0-914412-10-6. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
- Sturgis, Alexander (2006). Rebels And Martyrs: The Image of the Artist in the Nineteenth Century. Yale University Press. ISBN 1857093461.
- Swinbourne, Anna (2009). James Ensor. The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 0870707523.
- Ulmer, Renate (1994). Alfons Mucha: 1860–1939 : Master of Art Nouveau. Taschen. ISBN 3822885746.
- Wittrock, Wolfgang (1985). Toulouse-Lautrec: catalogue complet des estampes, Volume 1. Acr Edition. ISBN 2867700140.
Further reading
- Helen Bieri Thomson (dir), Les affiches du Salon des Cent, Bonnard, Ensor, Grasset, Ibels, Mucha, Toulouse-Lautrec; Catalogue d'exposition, Gingins, Fondation Neumann, 13 janvier-26 mars 2000; Musée de Pont-Aven, 3 février – 19 mars; Bordeaux, Musée des Arts Décoratifs, 17 mai – 19 août 2001, Gingins, Fondation Neumann, 2000.
- Jean-Michel Nectoux, Grégoire Tonnet & Nicholas-Henry Zmelty: La Plume 1889–1899, une revue pour l'art, (Catalogue d'exposition, Paris, Institut national d'Histoire de l'Art, Galerie Colbert, 15 février-14 avril 2007), Paris, INHA 2007.
- Jocelyne Van Deputte: Le Salon des Cent: 1894–1900, affiches d'artistes, Paris, Musées, 1994.
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