Sakakibara Kenkichi

Sakakibara Kenkichi,
榊原鍵吉

Sakakibara Kenkichi, c. 1880
Born Sakakibara Tomoyoshi
19 December 1830
Died 9 November 1894 (aged 63)
heart failure due to beriberi
Native name 榊原鍵吉
Nationality Japanese
Notable school(s) Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū
In this Japanese name, the family name is "Sakakibara".

Sakakibara Kenkichi (Japanese: 榊原鍵吉, 19 December 1830 – 11 September 1894), was a Japanese samurai and martial artist. He was the fourteenth headmaster of the Jikishinkage school of swordfighting. Through his Jikishinkage contacts he rose to a position of some political influence; he taught swordsmanship at a government military academy and also served in the personal guard of Japan's last two shoguns.

After the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate Sakakibara was instrumental in preserving traditional Japanese sword techniques in the early Meiji Era. Despite his eventual opposition to the practice of swordfighting for sport, his work during this period laid the foundations for the modern sport of kendo. In his later years he taught a number of noted martial artists, and was honoured by the All Japan Kendo Federation after his death.

Early life

Sakakibara was born on the fifth day of the eleventh month of Bunsei (19 December 1830) into the Sakakibara clan; his given name at birth was Tomoyoshi (友善). His family, who lived in the village of Otsuwa near modern-day Tokyo, were comparatively poor.[1] He started studying Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage-ryū with Otani Nobutomo in 1843. He proved proficient in that style, and was granted a menkyo kaiden (licence of mastery) by Otani in 1856, despite his family's inability to pay for it.[1][2] He thus became the fourteenth headmaster of the school. A talented swordsman, he once duelled with Yamaoka Tesshū; the two men faced off for over forty minutes without moving, before unanimously sheathing their swords without either striking a blow.[3]

Edo period

Sakakibara Kenkichi wandering in the mountains, Kawanabe Kyōsai, c. 1874

In 1856 Sakakibara was appointed as a professor at the Kōbusho (講武所), a shogunate-sponsored military academy. He received this post through the auspices of his teacher Otani, who had himself been granted a teaching position there. In this role, Sakakibara was noticed by the shogun Tokugawa Iemochi, who appointed Sakakibara as his bodyguard and fencing instructor.[2] He also married Taka, the daughter of the shogun's personal retainer Iwajiro Mihashi. In order that his headmastery of the Jikishinkage ryu would not interfere with his duties to the shogun, his student Matsuoka Katsunosuke was temporarily placed in charge of the school.[4]

By 1863, Sakakibara was a head keeper at Edo Castle and received a stipend of 300 ryō per annum. He resigned from this post in 1866, after Iemochi's death and started a dojo in Kurumazaka (a neighbourhood of Edo, now part of modern Ueno), although he did later return to the service of the shogunate as Captain of the Guard under Tokugawa Iesato.[1][5]

Meiji period

After the collapse of the shogunate and the Meiji Restoration, Sakakibara was offered a position with the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, which he refused out of loyalty to Iemochi.[6] He was, however, part of the group of fencers who created the forms for the Keishichō-ryū (警視庁流), the style of swordfighting created in 1868 for use by the police.[7]

The new Meiji Government had banned the carrying of swords and in 1876 banned the practice of duelling, and so traditional swordsmanship was no longer popular. Sakakibara tried to find new ways of promoting kenjutsu. His motives may have been financial, as without a sponsor he, like many other martial artists of the era, was suffering from penury – his poverty was such that he had to accept help from his wife's uncle Katsu Kaishū in constructing a residence.[1] He began organising gekiken kogyo (撃剣興行, "sword combat performances"), feeling that such public competitions would instil an appreciation for the art of the swordsman in their audiences. He started an organisation called the Gekken Kaisha (撃剣会社, "Fencing Society"), which, inspired by the popularity of sumo wrestling, organised these contests. The first public kogyo organised by Sakakibara's group took place in April 1873, and lasted for over a week.[8][9] Other martial artists, witnessing the success of the Gekken Kaisha, followed suit.[6] Sakakibara was later to revise his view and became critical of the practice, since the rules and strictures of gekiken were, in his view, perverting kenjutsu into new forms that were no longer relevant to battlefield combat.[10] He disdained the point-scoring swordsmanship of other kendoka of his era, ignoring light touches by his opponents in order to deliver his own powerful strikes.[11] Nonetheless, the gekiken kogyo practices which he began created an interest in fencing which led ultimately to the development of modern kendo.[12][13]

In 1887 Sakakibara demonstrated a technique called kabuto wari (兜割り, "helmet breaking") before the Emperor Meiji. The demonstration involved slicing through a steel helmet with a single stroke of the sword. Of the three sword masters who attempted this cut, Sakakibara was the only one to succeed. The depth was 11.5 centimeters, and his katana's blade remained intact.[14]

In his later years Sakakibara returned to coach and train in his dojo in Kurumazaka, after trying his hand unsuccessfully at running a kōdan (講談, "storytelling") theatre and an izakaya (居酒屋) (bar). Those who trained at the Kurumazaka dojo included Naitō Takaharu, who was to become head of the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, and foreigners such as Austrian ambassador and fencing expert Heinrich von Siebold, and German Erwin Bälz, physician to the Japanese Imperial Family. Takeda Sōkaku, the founder of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu, also studied with Sakakibara at Kurumazaka.[1][11][15]

On New Year's Day of 1894, Sakakibara passed on the Jikishinkage headmastership to his disciple Jirōkichi Yamada. Sakakibara died of heart failure due to beriberi on 11 September the same year, at the age of 63. He was entombed at Saiō-ji temple Yotsuya, Tokyo and given the posthumous Buddhist name Gikōin Jōzan Yamatoō Koji (義光院杖山倭翁居士).[1] In 2003 he was inducted into the All Japan Kendo Federation's Kendo Hall of Fame (剣道殿堂).[16]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Hiiragi, Takefumi. "Famous Swordsmen of Japan (1): Kenkichi Sakakibara". Aikido Journal. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stephen Turnbull (13 December 2013). The Samurai Swordsman: Master of War. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 176–178. ISBN 978-1-4629-0834-9.
  3. ↑ John Stevens (26 November 2013). The Sword of No-Sword: Life of the Master Warrior Tesshu. Shambhala Publications. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8348-2829-2.
  4. ↑ Threadgill, Toby; Ohgami, Shingo. "Takamura-ha Shindo Yoshin-ryu Jujutsu: History and Technique". Koryu.com. Koryu Books. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  5. ↑ "Sakakibara, Kenkichi". Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures. National Diet Library of Japan. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Allen Guttmann; Lee Austin Thompson (January 2001). Japanese Sports: A History. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-8248-2464-8.
  7. ↑ Kenjutsu Kyohan Shokai "A Detailed Fencing Manual". Tokyo: Toyama Army Academy. 1941. p. 499.
  8. ↑ Bryan S. Turner; Zheng Yangwen (15 November 2009). The Body in Asia. Berghahn Books. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-84545-966-6.
  9. ↑ Thomas A. Green; Joseph R. Svinth (11 June 2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. ABC-CLIO. p. 600. ISBN 978-1-59884-244-9.
  10. ↑ Dave Lowry (June 1999). Black Belt. Active Interest Media, Inc. p. 22. ISSN 02773066.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Donn F. Draeger (1974). Modern bujutsu & budo. Weatherhill. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8348-0099-1.
  12. ↑ Junzo Sasamori; Gordon Warner (June 1989). This Is Kendo: The Art of Japanese Fencing. Tuttle Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8048-1607-6.
  13. ↑ Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.
  14. ↑ Kenji Tokitsu, Sherab Chodzin Kohn. Miyamoto Musashi: His Life and Writings. Shambhala Publications. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-8348-2488-1.
  15. ↑ Nagao, Zenyu. "Swordsmanship of Aizu: Onoha Itto-ryu Kenjutsu Mugenshinto-ryu Iaijutsu". Rakushinkan Aikido. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
  16. ↑ Jidai wo Tsunagu Ken no Michi [Sword methods through the ages] (DVD) (in Japanese). Japan: All Japan Kendo Federation. April 1, 2003.