Saeta (flamenco)

A saetero (saeta singer) in Sevilla, 2006.

The saeta (Spanish pronunciation: [saˈeta]) is a revered form of Spanish religious song, whose form and style has evolved over many centuries. Saetas evoke strong emotion and are sung most often during public processions.

Performance

The saeta by Julio Romero de Torres (1918).

The saeta is a song of Catholic Spain dating back many centuries. The saeta antigua [old saeta] probably arose from the recitation of psalms under the influence of liturgical music.[1] "Saetas vary greatly in form and style, ranging from simple syllabic melodies to highly ornamented ones."[2] In the older tradition, solemn drums and horns might accompany the singer, or the saetero sang alone. Since the nineteenth century, however, the more favored saetas have incorporated distinct elements associated with Flamenco music, particularly the siguiriyas.[3]

The saeta is best known for its mournful power during Holy Week in Spain.[4] The song is performed during the processions by religious confraternities that move slowly through the streets of cities and towns in southern Spain.[5][6] Possessing a plaintive emotional intensity, and dramatic charge, the saeta is sung by the saetero, often from a balcony, and may be addressed to the statue of Jesus below, in his agony on the Via Dolorosa, or to that of his suffering mother Mary.[7] These and other crafted statues are mounted on platforms and carried along the streets on the shoulders of several penitents who pass among the assembled public.[8] The immediate emotional response to the saeta, often of intense sorrow, may be the reason for its name, as the Spanish word saeta can mean "arrow or dart" (also "bud of a vine" or "hand of a clock" or "magnetic needle").[9]

Saetas are also sung at outdoor devotions throughout Lent, and may be sung during the Christmas season as well.[2] A special form of the saeta (the saeta carcelera) is also sung at prisons during visits there by the confraternities.[5][10] Several of the cities in Andalusia have their own peculiar styles of the saeta.[11]

The music

The saeta is frequently sung a cappella. Taken from flamenco music are the melismas, tercios, and other flourishes. Although the saeta is one of the cantes a palo seco, the singer may also be accompanied, e.g., by beating drums, and horns.[9] Arabic and Hebraic origins have been proposed.[12][13]

Palos of flamenco adopted by the saeta include especially the siguiriyas and the martinetes. Other forms include the saeta por soleares, the por polos, the por cañas, and the por fandangos.[14] Flamenco guitar accompaniment may be in 2/4 or 6/8 time, or may interchange regularly between 3/4 and 6/8 .[15] Commonly the saetero sings in a minor key finishing on the dominant; the meter of different verses will often be variable depending on the interpretation.[9] The cantaor Manuel Torre (1878–1933) was well regarded for his Saeta.[16]

Its passion

Of a diverse heritage, the Saeta has become the emotional artistic fruit of several cultures. The Gypsies "se sienten identificados con los episodios de la Pasión y consideran a Jesús como un hermano en desgracia que sufre persecusión y muerte."[17] Nothing of course substitutes for hearing and bearing witness to the Saeta.

"La saeta, pues, costituye la síntesis antropológica del andaluz (hondura, plástica, señorío, dolor metafísico) coronada en santidad. La saeta exige un máximo de veracidad pasional, por lo mismo que a nadie le es dado encaramarse en la audacia de sus ayes sin la potencia y la certeza que brinda la posesión heroica del dolor."[18]

It is said that Andalusians must talk to God during Holy Week, singing the Saeta during a cofradía procession being a mode of choice.[19]

Reference notes

  1. ↑ Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 126-127.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Willi Apel, Harvard Dictionary of Music (Cambridge: The Belknap Press 1944, 1969) at 748.
  3. ↑ Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 125-129.
  4. ↑ The week in the Church calendar of the Entry into Jerusalem, the Last Supper, the Crucifixion, and the Resurrection.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 127.
  6. ↑ Domingo Manfredi Cano at 183-184.
  7. ↑ José Carlos de Luna at 51-52.
  8. ↑ Timothy Mitchell at 137-154, 170-180.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Andrés Batista at 16, 72.
  10. ↑ Timothy Mitchell at 76-79.
  11. ↑ Julian Pemartin at 138.
  12. ↑ Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 126, quoting Durán Muñoz, Andalucía y su cante (1968).
  13. ↑ Félix Grande at I: 161-162, referring to the Kol Nidrei.
  14. ↑ Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 129; he quotes Hipólito Rossy on the musical transformation: "El martinetes ya no suena a martinetes, sino a saeta." ["The martinetes no longer sound like martinetes, but as saeta."]
  15. ↑ The saeta por siguiriyas alternates between 3/4 and 6/8 time ("1, 2, 3, and a 4, and a 5"). Cf., Andrés Batista at 16, 18, 72, 74.
  16. ↑ Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 199-200.
  17. ↑ Ángel Álvarez Caballero at 129. The Gitanos "see themselves in the scenes of the Passion and look upon Jesus as a brother of sorrows who suffers persecution and death."
  18. ↑ Anselmo González Climent at 317. "The saeta, well, it constitutes the anthropological synthesis of the Andalucian (profundity, adaptiveness, aristocracy, metaphysical sadness) crowned with holiness. The saeta demands the maximum of true passion, so that nobody is given to rise above by their bold cries without the potential, the certainty of being offered the heroic possession of suffering."
  19. ↑ Domingo Manfredi Cano at 183.

Bibliography

Recordings

CD & video

Other idioms

See also

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