Rudolph A. Marcus

Rudolph A. Marcus

Rudolph A. Marcus in 2005
Born Rudolph Arthur Marcus
July 21, 1923
Montreal, Quebec
Citizenship United States, Canada
Nationality American, Canadian
Fields Chemistry
Institutions Polytechnic Institute of New York University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Caltech
Alma mater McGill University
Known for Electron transfer
Notable awards Irving Langmuir Award (1978)
Peter Debye Award (1988)
National Medal of Science (1989)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1992)
Spouse Laura Hearne (1949-2003; her death; 3 children)

Rudolph Arthur Marcus (born July 21, 1923) is a Canadian-born chemist who received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry[1] "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems".[2] Marcus theory, named after him, provides a thermodynamic and kinetic framework for describing one electron outer-sphere electron transfer.

Life and career

Marcus was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Esther (née Cohen) and Myer Marcus. His interest in the sciences began at a young age. He excelled at mathematics at Baron Byng High School. He then studied at McGill University under Dr. Carl A. Winkler, who had studied under Cyril Hinshelwood at Oxford University. At McGill, Marcus took more math courses than an average chemistry student, which would later aid him in creating his theory on electron transfer.[3]

He earned a B.Sc. in 1943 and a Ph.D. in 1946, both from McGill University. In 1958, Marcus became a naturalized citizen of the United States. After graduating, in 1946, he worked at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. In 1952, at the University of North Carolina, he developed Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus theory by combining RRK theory with transition state theory. In 1964, he taught at the University of Illinois.[4]

He is a professor at Caltech and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

Marcus theory of electron transfer

Electron transfer is one of the simplest forms of a chemical reaction. It consists of one outer-sphere electron transfer between substances of the same atomic structure likewise to Marcus’s studies between bivalent and trivalent iron ions. Electron transfer may be one of the most basic forms of chemical reaction but without it life cannot exist. Electron transfer is used in all respiratory functions as well as photosynthesis. In the process of oxidizing food molecules, 2 hydrogen ions, 2 electrons, and an oxygen molecule react to make an exothermic reaction as well as H2O (water). Due to fact that electron transfer is such a broad, common, as well as essential reaction within nature, Marcus's theory has become vital within the field of chemistry.

2H+ + 2e− + 1/2 O2 → H2O + heat

A type of chemical reaction linked to his many studies of electron transfer would be the transfer of an electron between metal ions in different states of oxidation. An example of this type of chemical reaction would be one between a bivalent and a trivalent iron ion in an aqueous solution. In Marcus's time chemists were astonished at the slow rate in which this specific reaction took place. This attracted many chemists in the 1950s and is also what began Marcus's interests in electron transfer. Marcus made many studies based on the principles that were found within this chemical reaction, and through his studies was able to create his famous Marcus theory. This theory gave way to new experimental programs that contributed to all branches within chemistry.[5]

Honors and Awards

Honorary degrees were conferred to Marcus by the University of Chicago in 1983, by the University of Goteborg in 1986, by the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn in 1987, by McGill in 1988, by Queen's University in 1993, by the University of New Brunswick also in 1993 and by the University of Hyderabad, in India, which conferred the degree of Doctor of Science in 2012.

Before receiving the Nobel Prize in 1992,[1] Marcus received the National Medal of Science in 1989,[6] the Irving Langmuir Award of the American Chemical Society in 1978,[7] the Willard Gibbs Award in 1988, the Theodore William Richards Award in 1990, the Pauling Medals in 1991, and the Remsen and Edgar Fahs Smith Awards in 1991, the Peter Debye Award of the American Chemical Society in 1988, the Robinson Award in 1982, the Centenary Medals of the Faraday Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1988, Columbia University's Chandler Medal in 1983, Ohio State's William Lloyd Evans Award in 1990, the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1985 and the Hirschfelder Prize in Chemistry in 1993. Marcus has been a Member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1970, and a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1973.[7] He won the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1984.[8]

He also received a Professorial Fellowship at University College, Oxford from 1975 to 1976.

He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1970, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973, the American Philosophical Society in 1990, received honorary membership in the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1991, in the Royal Society in 1987 and in the Royal Society of Canada in 1993.[9]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rudolph A. Marcus: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992
  2. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  3. ↑ "Rudolph A. Marcus - Facts". Nobelprize.org. 1923-07-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  4. ↑ "Rudolph A. Marcus (Canadian-American chemist) - Encyclopedia Britannica". Britannica.com. 1923-07-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  5. ↑ "FACULTY ::: Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering ::: CALTECH". Cce.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  6. ↑ "Rudolph A. Marcus". The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details. National Science Foundation. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Rudolph Marcus". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1923-07-21. Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  8. ↑ Rudolph A. Marcus Winner of Wolf Prize in Chemistry - 1984. Wolffund.org.il Retrieved November 26, 2013
  9. ↑ "Rudolph A. Marcus - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2013-08-01.

External links