Rubens' tube

A Rubens' tube setup

A Rubens' tube, also known as a standing wave flame tube, or simply flame tube, is an antique physics apparatus for demonstrating acoustic standing waves in a tube. Invented by German physicist Heinrich Rubens in 1905, it graphically shows the relationship between sound waves and sound pressure, like a primitive oscilloscope. Today it is only used occasionally, as a demonstration in physics education.

Overview

A length of pipe is perforated along the top and sealed at both ends - one seal is attached to a small speaker or frequency generator, the other to a supply of a flammable gas (propane tank). The pipe is filled with the gas, and the gas leaking from the perforations is lit. If a suitable constant frequency is used, a standing wave can form within the tube. When the speaker is turned on, the standing wave will create points with oscillating (higher and lower) pressure and points with constant pressure (pressure nodes) along the tube. Where there is oscillating pressure due to the sound waves, less gas will escape from the perforations in the tube, and the flames will be lower at those points. At the pressure nodes, the flames are higher. At the end of the tube gas molecule velocity is zero and oscillating pressure is maximal, thus low flames are observed. It is possible to determine the wavelength from the flame minimum and maximum by simply measuring with a ruler.

Explanation

Since the time averaged pressure is equal at all points of the tube, it is not straightforward to explain the different flame heights. The flame height is proportional to the gas flow as shown in the figure. Based on Bernoulli's principle, the gas flow is proportional to the square root of the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the tube. This is shown in the figure for a tube without standing sound wave. Based on this argument, the flame height depends non-linearly on the local, time-dependent pressure. The time average of the flow is reduced at the points with oscillating pressure and thus flames are lower.[1]

Flame height on a Rubens tube (without standing sound wave) for different flows of natural gas. Dashed line is linear fit.
Square root of the pressure difference between inside and outside of Rubens tube (without standing sound wave) for different flows of natural gas. Dashed line is linear fit.

History

Heinrich Rubens was a German physicist born in 1865. Though he allegedly worked with better remembered physicists such as Max Planck at the University of Berlin on some of the ground work for quantum physicists, he is best known for his flame tube, which was demonstrated in 1905. This original Rubens' tube was a four-meter section of pipe with 200 holes spaced evenly along its length.

When the ends of the pipe are sealed and a flammable gas is pumped into the device, the escaping gas can be lit to form a row of flames of roughly equal size. When sound is applied from one end by means of a loudspeaker, internal pressure will change along the length of the tube. If the sound is of a frequency that produces standing waves, the wavelength will be visible in the series of flames, with the tallest flames being where compression is occurring and the lowest where rarefaction is occurring.

Public displays

A Rubens' tube was on display at The Exploratory in Bristol, England until it closed in 1999. A similar exhibit using polystyrene beads instead of flames featured in the At-Bristol science centre until 2009.[2]

This display is also found in physics departments at a number of universities.[3] A number of physics shows also have one, such as: Rino Foundation [4] (The Netherlands), Fysikshow Aarhus (Denmark), Fizika Ekspres (Croatia) and ÅA Physics show (Finland).[5][6]

The MythBusters also included a demonstration on their "Voice Flame Extinguisher" episode in 2007.[7] The Daily Planet's The Greatest Show Ever,[8] ran a competition whereby five Canadian science centres competed for the best science centre's experiment/display. Edmonton's Science Centre (Telus World of Science) utilized a Rubens' tube, which the competition. The special was filmed on October 10, 2010. Tim Shaw on the show Street Genius on National Geographic Channel also featured one in Episode 18 "Wave of fire".

The artist Emer O'Brien used Rubens tubes as the basis for the sound sculpture featured in her 2012 exhibition Return to Normal at the Wapping Project in London.[9]

References

  1. ↑ G.W. Ficken, F.C. Stephenson, Rubens flame-tube demonstration, The Physics Teacher, Vol. 17, pp. 306-310 (1979)
  2. ↑ "The Exploratory - Exhibits". Retrieved November 6, 2006.
  3. ↑ "Oscillation & Waves". Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  4. ↑ "website Rino Foundation". Retrieved October 29, 2009.
  5. ↑ "Fizika Ekspres website". Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  6. ↑ "ÅA website". Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  7. ↑ "Discovery Channel Video". Retrieved August 11, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Daily Planet's The Greatest Show Ever". Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Emer O'Brien - Return to Normal". re-title. Retrieved January 1, 2014.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rubens' Tube.