Roger A. Graham

Roger A. Graham (12 June 1885 Providence, Rhode Island – 25 October 1938 Chicago) was an American lyricist, composer, singer, and music publisher who flourished from 1906 to 1920 — a period that included World War I, the golden age of Tin Pan Alley (from about 1915 to 1920), the dawn of the Jazz Age (circa 1914), and the silent film era. Graham was a proponent of vaudeville and burlesque songs. But as a lyricist and publisher, Graham is most remembered for having been an exponent of blues songs.[1][2]

From about 1914 to 1919, Graham's success and popularity as lyricist and publisher led to close friendships with stars of the stage and silent screen — George M. Cohan, Sophie Tucker, Al Jolson, Eddie Cantor, and many others.

But after failing to have a hit as a writer or publisher for three or four years, and a year after the start of prohibition, Graham quit writing music and publishing in 1921 and took a job as a department manager at Mandell Brothers, a large department store.

In 1938, nine years after the Wall Street Crash and in the throes of the Great Depression, Graham died alone and penniless in the Cook County Hospital charity ward, reportedly unknown to those attending him and without any kin or friend mourning at his side. Graham's remains would have been interred in a pauper's grave were it not for an alert attendant at the Cook County Morgue, who, after recognizing his name on a list, contacted a sister, Elizabeth (Mrs. Lawrence Joseph Mulhearn; 1887–1982) of Bronxville, New York, and his ex-wife of 8 years, May Olivette Hill (1888–1978) of Los Angeles.

According to Hill, his lyrics from "I Ain't Got Nobody", and other melancholy songs that made him popular, seemed to foreshadow his decline and ensuing loneliness.

Federal court case

Graham's firm, Roger Graham Music Publisher, published the "Livery Stable Blues". It was recorded in 1917 by the Original Dixieland Jass Band on the Victor label and is widely acknowledged as the first commercially recorded jazz. It was the first recording to sell a million records and its success established jazz as a popular genre. During production, Victor executives re-titled the B-side of Victor 18255 as "Barnyard Blues" in an effort to avoid offending target audiences with a seemingly vulgar title. Due to a labeling error, however, the record itself retained the band’s original title.

In June 1917, Roger Graham published "Livery Stable Blues", attributing the composition to Alcide Nunez (clarinetist) and Ray Lopez (cornetist; né Raymond Edward Lopez; 1889–1970), who were New Orleans jazz community colleagues. Months later, Leo Feist published virtually the same music under the title "Barnyard Blues", attributing the composition to Nick LaRocca, the director of the ODJB and cornetist on the ODJB recording.[3]

Publishing it landed Graham in federal court with a charge of pirating the theme — Max Hart (né, phonetic: Numkovsky; 1874–1950), manager for ODJB, et al. v. Roger Graham (1917). Graham won acquittal after Judge George A. Carpenter asked Nunez to define the blues, whereupon he made his famous reply: "Judge, blues is blues — a little off key but harmony against the rules".[4][5][6] The judge ruled that the blues could not be copyrighted, resulting in neither party having a copyright. The judge also expressed doubt that musicians unable to read or write music could be said to have composed anything.

Career highlights

Rhode Island

Graham was a graduate of dental college.[1]
A 1900 US Census lists Roger Graham as an office boy in Providence, living with his family at 320 Dyer Street. A 1907 City Directory lists Roger A. Graham as a song writer residing in Wickford, Rhode Island, on Champlain Street, near Phillips Street.

First marriage

On June 1, 1906, Graham married Bessie H. (née Spink; 1883–1969) in Brooklyn, who was born and raised in Rhode Island. Records indicate that she had been divorced twice before remarrying (in 1916) her third and final husband, Frederick Charles Gilbert (1891–1944), a pharmacists from Rhode Island. The 1910 US Census lists Roger and Bessie as being married. Roger and Bessie apparently divorced sometime between 1910 and 1914, because Roger became engaged to May Hill in 1914.

Move from Providence to Chicago in 1910

According to the 1910 US Census, taken April 26 and 29, 1910, Roger and Bessie were married and living in Providence. But also, according to his obituary in the Chicago Tribune, Roger Graham moved to Chicago in 1910.[7]

Theodore Morse Music Company, Chicago

Early in 1913, Graham had been the professional manager in the Chicago office of Theodore Morse Music Company. Later that year, he was general manager of Morse's western branch in San Francisco. In December of 1913, he became manager of its New York office.[8] May Olivette Hill (1888–1978), a Chicago-based pianist, singer, and composer, was Graham's assistant at Morse.[9]

Ellis & Co., Chicago

Around July 1914, Graham became road manager for Ellis & Co.[10] Graham became engaged to May Hill around September 1914.[11]
In 1915, Graham was a partner and the general manager of Craig, Ellis & Co., later known as Craig & Co.[12] The name change was the result of James G. Ellis severing his relationship with the firm.[13] Graham was mentioned as manager of Craig & Company as late as April 5, 1919. Craig & Co. was mentioned as being for sale in 1916.[14]
When Graham founded his own publishing house in Chicago around 1917, he was first located in the Randolph Building at 145 North Clark Street, at Randolph Street.

Marriage to May Olivette Hill

Graham married Hill on September 28, 1918, in Chicago.[15] She had been the professional manager in the Chicago office of Ellis & Co., Craig, Ellis & Co., and Craig & Co.[9] Throughout their relationship, from before their engagement in 1914, they were song writing partners, she writing the melodies, he writing the lyrics. Beginning around 1910, Hill, who had grown up in New Berlin, Ohio, had been a silent film pianist and organist. Her foray into Chicago publishing houses began as a song plugger. Hill also had been a pioneer of radio, working as a composer for a WGN radio show hosted by Quin Ryan (né Quin Augustus Ryan; 1898–1978) at the Drake Hotel.[16]

Retirement from music

Graham retired from music publishing in March of 1921 and became a department manager at the Mandel Brothers store.[17]

Divorce

Hill filed for divorce on March 24, 1925, in Chicago.[18] Among other things, she was unhappy over Roger Graham's intolerance towards her invalid parents — Isaac B. Hill (1858–1927) and Anna Elizabeth (née Druckenbrod; 1865–1953) — when they were at the home of May and Roger.

Roger Graham, 143 Dearborn Street

According to his obituary in the Chicago Tribune, Roger Graham Publishing Company was in the Tribune Building at 143 Dearborn Street until 1922. Beginning around 1919, many publishers had moved to the State-Lake Building — built in 1919. Graham, after 1922, conducted his business from home. When he died, he was living at 1429 East 66th Place, Chicago.[19] In 1922 the Tribune Building was torn down.

Theory over the etymology of the word, "Jazz"

Graham, disputing many other claims over the origination of jazz, opined that Jasbo Brown, a pioneer of jazz in New Orleans, did it first in Chicago, around 1914.[20]

Addresses

Death

At the height of his career, around 1918, his friends were stars of the stage and silent screen — George M. Cohan, Sophie Tucker, Al Jolson, Eddie Cantor, and many others. Two decades later, he died, only aged 53, but alone, almost forgotten, in a charity ward at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago. When his body had been taken to the Cook County Morgue, an attendant recognized the name on his files and the county notified his sister in New York and his ex-wife of 10 years and song writing collaborator, May Hill, who he divorced in 1936. "It's strange that everyone should have forgotten Roger", Hill remarked. "The songs he wrote seem to fit the loneliness of his death".[21] He was buried in Palos Hills Memorial Park (aka Mount Vernon Memorial) in Cook County.

Extant music

Graham wrote lyrics to nearly 200 songs. His biggest hit, "I Ain't Got Nobody", is a blues that became a perennial standard. As of 2013, in jazz recordings alone, it has been recorded 311 times according to The Jazz Discography tune database; and it has been used in 23 films according to IMDb.

Craig & Co. of Chicago, of which Graham was manager and partner, copyrighted it in 1916, and attributed the music to Spencer Williams and Dave Peyton and the lyrics to Graham.

A 1915 manuscript copyright credits the music to Williams and Peyton, no mention of Graham.[22]

Attribution, however, was clouded by two earlier works. David Young copyrighted it in 1914, attributing the music to Charles Warfield (1878–1955) and the lyrics to himself.

Clarence E. Brandon, Sr. claimed that the more well-known Williams-Graham-Peyton song was written in response to his refusal to sell the publishing rights to his 1911 "I Ain't Got Nobody",[23] which, according to him, was shelved and sold only under the counter.[24] Brandon's version was apparently not widely disputed.

The two disputed versions were cleared in 1916 when Graham and Williams sold their rights to Frank K. Root & Co., a Chicago publisher[25] (né Frank Kimball Root; 1856–1932), and later that year, Warfield and Young sold their rights to Root. Root henceforth published the work both ways; but the prevailing attribution has gone to Graham and Williams.

R.A. Graham, Wickford, Rhode Island

Roger A. Graham, Providence, Rhode Island

M. Witmark & Sons, New York

Pearsall & Graham, Providence, Rhode Island

Ellis & Co.

Craig, Ellis & Company, Chicago

Craig & Company, Chicago

Roger Graham, Chicago

Frank K. Root & Co, Chicago, New York City

McKinley Music Co., Chicago

May Hill, Hollywood, California

Joe Slater, Sydney, Australia (between 1911 and 1920)

Copyright renewals
May Hill, Evanston, Illinois

† Multiple publishers
‡ James White (aka "Professor" James "Slap Rags" White), also a ragtime pianist

Selected discography

"I Ain't Got Nobody"

Recorded in Chicago, June 25, 1927
Carleton Coon (vocals, drums, director), Joe Sanders (vocals, piano, director); Bob Pope, Joe Richolson (trumpets), Rex Downing (trombone), Harold Thiell, John Thiell (clarinet, alto sax), Floyd Estep (clarinet tenor sax), Russ Stout (banjo), Elmer Krebs (brass bass)

Filmography

According to IMDb, "I Ain't Got Nobody" has 23 film credits. "Shim-Me-Sha-Wabble", a 1917 hit composed by Spencer Williams and published by Graham endures today as the impetus for the shimmy, a dance move. Graham sold the copyright fir "Shim-Me-Sha-Wabble" to the New York publishing firm of Joseph W. Stern. "Shim-Me-Sha-Wabble" was also used in the film Cinderella Man and was the name of a TV episode for Fox.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, compiled by Jaques Cattell Press, New York: R.R. Bowker
        3rd ed. (1966); OCLC 598257 and 604233677
        4th ed. (1980); OCLC 7065938 and 10721505
  2. ↑ Biographical Dictionary of American Music, by Charles Eugene Claghorn (1911–2005), West Nyack, NY: Parker Publishing Co. (1973); OCLC 609781
  3. ↑ Who Wrote Those "Livery Stable Blues"?: Musical Ownership in Hart et al. v. Graham, by Katherine Murphy Maskell, Ohio State University School of Music (2012); OCLC 819340387
  4. ↑ "Arthur of 'I'm So Sad and Lonely,' Dies", INS: Knickerbocker News October 26, 1938, pg. 8-A
  5. ↑ October 2, 1917, Hart et al. v. Graham (N.D. Ill. 1917), Case File E914; U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division (Chicago)
  6. ↑ "A Definition of 'Blues'", New York Dramatic Mirror, December 14, 1918, pg. 867, col. 2
  7. ↑ "Obituary: Roger Graham", Chicago Tribune, October 28, 1938
  8. ↑ "Graham In New York", New York Clipper, December 13, 1913, pg. 12, col. 2
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 May Hill Making Good", New York Clipper, Vol. 62, No. 39, November 7, 1914, pg. 4, col. 2
  10. ↑ "Graham With Ellis", New York Clipper, July 18, 1914, pg. 8, col. 2
  11. ↑ "Love Note", New York Clipper, September 26, 1914, pg. 7, col. 2
  12. ↑ Spreadin' Rhythm Around: Black Popular Songwriters, 1880–1930, David A Jasen, Gene Jones, Schirmer Books (1998), pg. 170; OCLC 38216305
  13. ↑ "Change Name", New York Clipper, July 24, 1915, pg. 25, col. 1 (bottom)
  14. ↑ "Hamony Notes: Craig & Co.", New York Clipper, November 15, 1916, pg. 15, col. 2 (bottom)
  15. ↑ "Chat Among the Publishers", The Music Trades, Vol. 56, No. 17, October 26, 1918, pg. 41
  16. ↑ "A Line 'O Type Or Two: Music Lady", Chicago Tribune, June 4, 1965, pg. 14
  17. ↑ "Roger Graham", Variety, September 2, 1921, pg. 8, col. 5 (bottom)
  18. ↑ "No Harmony At Home, Charges Song Writer", San Diego Union, March 25, 1925, pg. 2
  19. ↑ Obituary: Roger Graham, Chicago Tribune, October 26, 1938
  20. ↑ "Chicago Claims It Is Birthplace Of Jazz: Jasbo Brown, Negro Performer, Is Credited With Starting Craze for Weird Tunes", Universal Service — New York Call, July 6, 1919, pg. 2, col. 6
  21. ↑ "'Nobody Cares For Me' Author Dies That Way", Associated Press: Seattle Daily Times, October 26, 1938, pg. 33
  22. ↑ Where Dead Voices Gather, by Nick Tosches, Little, Brown (2001); OCLC 45757846
  23. ↑ Ragtime: An Encyclopedia, Discography, and Sheetography, by David A. Jason, Routledge (2007); OCLC 71632235
  24. ↑ The Life of Clarence E. Brandon, Sr., by Brandon (2010)
  25. ↑ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography, by James Terry White, New York: James T. White Company, Vol. 17 (1920), pg. 42