Rishi Valley School

Rishi Valley School

The school campus as seen from the adjoining hill
Location
Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh
India
Information
Type Private boarding school (privately funded)
Established 1926
Founder Jiddu Krishnamurti
Sister school Sahyadri School
The Valley School
Rajghat Besant School
Faculty ~50
Grades 4–12
Gender Co-educational
Enrollment 370
Campus ~350 acres
Houses 20
Affiliation ICSE
ISC
Website www.rishivalley.org

Rishi Valley School is an Indian boarding school, founded by the philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti. It is located close to the town of Madanapalle, Krishnamurti's birthplace, in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Rishi Valley is a three-hour drive from Bangalore and five hours from Chennai.

The school is reputed for its holistic approach to education in the spirit of Krishnamurti's pedagogical vision. Rishi Valley's setting is spectacular - some 375 acres of an independent valley, surrounded by ancient hills, and tiny villages. Community service and a range of extracurricular activities constitute an integral part of a student's schooling, as do discussions in (or out of) classrooms, assemblies and club meetings. EducationWorld ranks the boarding school as the best residential school in India.[1]

Overview

The school follows the ICSE board for the ninth and tenth grades and the ISC for the eleventh and twelfth grades. The school accepts students from the fourth through the twelfth grades (ages nine–eighteen). Twenty boarding houses accommodate students across campus with 20 students in each house. The school is divided into a junior (fourth through eighth) and a senior (ninth through twelfth) school.[2]

The school is known for the way Krishnamurti's teachings inspire its curricula, which includes developing an appreciation for the environment, art and music, and athletics in addition to traditional subjects. Integrating itself into its neighbouring villages, the school also runs the Rishi Valley Institute for Educational Resources (RIVER) program and a rural school (Rural Education Centre) and a health center (Rural Health Centre).[3]

With a large campus spread over 360 acres (1.5 km2) in the Rayalseema area of southern Andhra Pradesh, Rishi Valley was chosen by Krishnamurti for its atmosphere of peace and serenity, centered on a large banyan tree, one of the oldest in India.

Rishi Valley is nestled in an ancient valley under the Rishikonda Hill where, as folklore has it, sages, or in Sanskrit 'rishis', used to meditate. From those legends Rishi Valley derived its name. The Rishi River, a rain-fed stream, that flowed down a surrounding hill and through the school has long since dried up, but Jiddu Krishnamurti retained the name for his first school. Ancient granite hills with striking formations surround Rishi Valley on all sides.[4]

History

Origins

Rishi Valley was born with the idea of starting a world university, conceptualized by Annie Besant, President of the Theosophical Society, in 1925. Three sites near Jiddu Krishnamurti's birthplace, Madanapalle were identified as possible locations for the school. At a site in Thettu Valley a big banyan tree attracted his notice and he decided to build the school in the region surrounding the tree. [5]

In 1926, Jiddu Krishnamurti's colleague C.S. Trilokikar on his request went from hamlet to hamlet by bullock cart, buying land until a 300 acre campus had been assembled. By 1929 most of the land for Rishi Valley had been acquired. Trilokikar named the whole basin Rishi Valley, a name derived from legends about rishis, who were rumoured to live in the hills surrounding the valley, thousands of years ago. However, before the land was completely assembled, Besant abandoned the idea of a world university because there were more pressing matters of national importance for her, such as India's Home Rule Movement.[6]

Relocation

The Guindy School was a school started by Besant in 1918 and was temporarily based in Madras. It was a well recognized school and its first headmaster, G.V. Subba Rao (GVS) was a young and renown theosophist. Space in the Guindy School was limited, the neighbourhood was noisy and crowded and each year the torrential Northeast Monsoon would cause havoc, destroying the school's thatched roofs and blowing down its cottages. [7] After a particularly bad cyclone in late 1930, destroyed much of the Guindy School Jiddu Krishnamurti met GVS, and it was decided that Guindy School would be relocated to Rishi Valley.[8]

The building of the initial structures was undertaken by the Theosophists who were drawn to Krishnamurti's teachings. Many engineers were brought in to oversee construction work on campus, all of whom refused to accept pay. By September 1931, the initial structures were ready to accommodate the school. Shortly after this, Subba Rao relocated to their new campus with approximately ninety students and their teachers. Just as the move was completed, an unprecedented 50 inches of rainfall graced Rishi Valley's parched landscape and the area was inundated with water. The inhabitants of the surrounding villages thought the coming of the school was a blessing and a sign of prosperity.[9]

By 1934 the basic structures in the school had been built including the Senior School building which is still used today. Oil and petromax lamps were used for lighting till 1937 after which two dynamos began to provide electricity during the day. Students and teachers also began tree planting in and around the campus during this period.[10]

GVS as Headmaster (1931-1941)

Subba Rao's decade long tenure (1931-1941) was a pioneering one, with some of the teaching methods carried over from his experiences at the Guindy School. When he shifted to Rishi Valley, GVS became the first headmaster of an Indian boarding school. At Guindy, Tamil was the medium of instruction; at Rishi Valley,Telugu was added as a language of instruction. GVS laid the groundwork for the school by practicing a simple lifestyle that included meditation, a quiet life, austerity with material possessions, and harmony with nature. The beautiful natural expanse of the valley provides for some quiet retreats for 'nature studies'-outdoor lessons which were a part of the timetable. On the sports field, GVS disallowed prize-giving ceremonies, as he felt it harboured unhealthy competition.[11]

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, all senses of division were supposed to be eliminated: caste, gender, religion, and that of anything which might cause fractious relationships among students. This was important in a country on the brink of a new era in history—one in which the aim was secularism and social parity.[12]

On 24 June 1941, an unforeseen police raid was conducted on the school. Magazines and books elaborating communist ideals were seized because under the British these were banned books as they were thought to promote Indian independence. Many teachers were put under house-arrest, fined or were put under probation for three years. The Director of Public Instruction even forced two longstanding teachers to resign. [13] As a result, Subbarao became 'dangerous' for proliferating such material during the heat of the freedom struggle and the wartime constraints Britain was facing at that time. The perpetrator of this incident was later found to be an unhappy senior student who tipped off the police about the presence of communist literature on campus. This unexpected event ended GVS's tenure as principal.[14]

Unsteady Years (1941-1950)

The resignation of GVS had several consequences that brought the school to a standstill: expenditures were cut back sharply, co-curricular activities were curtailed and some of the best teachers left. This was also a period of transition at the school as several principals - Y.K. Shastri, K.A. Venkatagiri Iyer, Narayana Iyer and K. Srinivasa Raghavan came and departed quickly. At this time, Krishnamurti was in the United States and was only able to return to India in late 1947, after Indian independence. During this period Muriel Payne, an associate of Krishnamurti gave a new direction to the school. She came to Rishi Valley, influenced by Krishnamurti, in an attempt to revive it.[15] Along with five others, she set up a group in 1948, which tried to gauge the situation and get the school back on track. This experiment ended abruptly and in July 1949 and Rishi Valley stopped functioning as an institution.[16]

Ms. Payne's experiment might have failed, but her interest in the school had not waned. She was instrumental in restarting the school under a new administration with F. Gordon Pearce, a noted educator, at the helm. Krishnamurti took a renewed interest in the school. New people were getting involved and a new kind of school emerged.[16]

In July 1950, the school was officially reopened, with 15 pupils. The fees were reduced to a low level to attract a wide range of students even though it put some pressure on the budget. To ensure a good start, the staff agreed to an initial lowered salary until the school became stabilized.[17]It was up to Pearce to revitalize the school as its finances were low.[18]

Pearce Years (1951-1958)

Within two years the school was running well with 110 fee-paying boarders as well as a waiting list for admissions. The student population was growing more diverse with 80% of students coming from northern, western and eastern India as well as some from overseas.[19] During this period emphasis was put on high quality education and an effort made to acquire teachers of high calibre. Two of the best teachers at this time were David Horsburgh and Sardar Mohammad.[20]

A lot of practices were also introduced during this period that are still followed in the school. Students could learn classical North Indian and South Indian music. International folk dancing was also introduced during this period by an American teacher David Young. Local folk dancing was brought in by David Horsburgh. Hiking, trekking and camping were also encouraged and teachers would often accompany students. One of Pearce's long lasting innovations at Rishi Valley was his introduction of 'astachal'. Children would gather together every evening, to sit quietly while the sun was setting on the Astachal hill. It was a time which gave children the opportunity for quiet reflection.[21] Mr.Pearce resigned in October 1958 due to differences with the Rishi Valley Trust as well as Krishnamurti and went on to found two more schools in India - The Blue Mountain School in Ooty and the Sandur School. Sardar Mohammad joined Mr. Pearce in Blue Mountain School after he left Rishi Valley. David Horsburgh started his own school Neel Bagh in Kolar district - about 100 km outside Bangalore.

Balasundaram Years (1958-1977)

Dr.S. Balasundaram was initially made a member of the Krishnamurti Foundation India in December 1955 and took charge of the Rishi Valley estate while simultaneously teaching at the Institute of Science in Bangalore. It was decided by Krishnamurti that Dr.Balasundaram should be made the new principal of the school after Pearce resigned in October 1958. He was principal of the school for almost two decades till March 1977.[22]

It was during this period that Rishi Valley expanded in numerous ways. It was decided that Rishi Valley would be made a self-sufficient community in terms of food grains, fruit and vegetables which would be grown on the agricultural land attached to the school and also in terms of milk by reorganizing the school's dairy. The administration felt that Rishi Valley should not live in isolation from other neighboring communities and that a Rural Centre be formed which should help the surrounding villages with housing, health, adult education and also provide schemes for them in agriculture and dairying so as to improve the quality of life of the villagers.[23] Various other efforts were made to provide schooling even to those who could not pay school fees with the help of government schemes.[24]

Traditions and Culture

There are many traditions and cultures at Rishi Valley.[25] Some important practices that the school has maintained for over fifty years are the morning assembly, Asthachal and folk dancing. During the morning assembly, thrice a week, the entire school gathers for singing. Children learn traditional chants as well as songs by poets ranging from Kabir to Rabindranath Tagore often set to the traditional south Indian drum, the mridangam. The rest of the week, students, teachers, and visitors take turns speaking about various topics that interest them.

F. Gordon Pearce, the principal of Rishi Valley School after the Second World War, came up with the idea of Asthachal (in English, sunset point), a tradition which survives today.[26] During Asthachal, children gather together on a cliff and sit quietly while the sun sets. It is a short but peaceful space of time, which gives children an opportunity for quiet reflection, observation of nature, daydreaming or watching their own thoughts.

An American teacher, David Young, introduced Western folk dancing to the school.[27] Later, another teacher, David Horsburgh, introduced European and American folk dancing. Folk dancing, or 'folkie' as students call it, is held once a week. The seniors teach the dances to the junior students. Over the years, the dances have evolved and visiting alumni usually join in.

Some religious and cultural festivals and occasions are also celebrated in Rishi Valley like Christmas, Ugadi, Shivaratri and Makara Sankranti (Pongal) (when villagers come and perform for the school children). During Makara Sankranti, there is a bull dance where all students dance along with the villagers and their decorated bulls. On such special occasions, students are treated to a special dinner.

Apart from academics, students participate in various cultural activities including: classical Indian dance (Bharatnatyam), Carnatic music, Mridangam, Violin, Tabla and Piano. Many important Indian artists have performed in Rishi Valley including M.L. Vasanthakumari (Carnatic musician), Amjad Ali Khan (Hindustani musician), Nikhil Banerjee (Sitar musician), Palghat Mani Iyer (Mridangam musician), and Bombay Jayashree (Carnatic musician). Renowned Odissi and Bharatanatyam choreographer and danseuse, Oopali Operajita, studied Bharatanatyam in Rishi Valley and performed under the banyan tree in Rishi Valley's fabled dance dramas, for J. Krishnamurti. She was recently invited by Rishi Valley to choreograph a dance drama - The Rishi Valley Dance Drama (from Kalidasa's Kumarasambhavam) - for the school, reviving a Rishi Valley tradition which had lain dormant for 35 years.

Natural History and Conservation

Rishi Valley is located in a drought-prone area of Andhra Pradesh, in the district of Rayalaseema, which can be translated into 'The Stony Realm'. The region has been termed so partly due to the erratic rainfall in the area, which makes agriculture and farming difficult, as well as the abundance of granite rocks found across the Valley. Rishi Valley stands around 800 meters above sea level, and thus it experiences a salubrious climate, with temperatures rarely rising above 38 °C (100.4 °F) or falling below 10 °C (50 °F). The soil type varies from black cotton soil, also known as vertisol, to red laterite soil. Though the humus content in the soil is low, it is able to support a variety of vegetational types, such as a small zone of wetlands, deciduous woodlands, dry scrublands and drylands.[28]

A profile of Rishi Valley with its 4 habitats

When the school was set up, open wells were the only source of water. By the 1960s, pipelines were laid from Horsley Hills to Rishi Valley. The open wells went dry for four years (1981-1985) due to extensive farming and channel irrigation. As soon as the open wells went dry, borewells were laid in order to satisfy the new water requirements of the school. The introduction of borewells led to groundwater depletion while the open wells were neglected. The introduction of borewells led to farmers changing their old agricultural patterns, shifting from dry land crops to more water-intense crops, causing the groundwater table to be further eroded.[29]

mixed deciduous habitat and location of Rishi Valley

Conservation

Beginning in 1988, under a grant from the Wasteland Development Board, the Indian Government built small check dams and bunds along the contours of 800-hectares of hillside, surrounding the campus. This meant persuading villagers to donate labour and allow construction of bunds across their small holdings. Custard apples, which goats avoid, were planted along the bunds to hold in soil. The Rishi Valley Dairy is engaged in the task of breeding Ongole cattle, a domesticated breed famous for the load carrying capacity of the male cow.[30]

More than twenty years of water harvesting from the seventies to the nineties saw the Indian Government donate land for the construction of seven percolation tanks at the edge of the campus and on hillsides. Two tanks were initially dug: the first, called ' Lost Lake' was situated midway up the hills to the south of the campus helped regenerate 150 acres of a once barren hillside. The other, situated in the valley, services wells 3 miles downstream and has resulted in a much more prosperous farming community. Five more tanks were built more recently in the valley. There are several smaller tanks to recharge wells on the campus itself.[31]

Reforestation

In 1980, 150 acres of adjoining hillside were leased to Rishi Valley School by the Government of Andhra Pradesh for reforestation. The aim of this lease was to grow an abundance of trees on the hills. As a first step, a fence was constructed around the South Hills, to keep away grazing sheep and cattle. An arrangement was reached with the members of the surrounding villages, to take fodder from the hills.[28]

Pictures of the woodlands and wetlands of Rishi Valley

In spite of this, relations with the surrounding villages remained tense for several years, during which time the reforestation drive on the South Hills began in earnest. Almost 20,000 trees and shrubs and 1000's of seedlings were planted by students of the school, during these years, although their efforts were thwarted to some extent by prolonged droughts in the region during the 1980's.[32] In 1988, the State Government of Andhra Pradesh helped the school finance a percolation tank on 20 acres of low lying land on the campus of the school. The large basin was to collect rain water from surrounding hills and service through underground channels the dry wells throughout the valley and beyond.[33]

Birds

Work began on identifying and cataloging bird species in the valley in 1990. Mr. Rangaswami, Bursar of Rishi Valley School from 1973-77, Honorary Chief Warden of the Rishi Valley Bird Preserve[34] and a keen bird lover who popularized birdwatching among students had spent several years in Rishi Valley in the 1970's, when a checklist of local birds was first drawn up. In 1990, when a superficial survey of bird species in the valley was conducted, it was noted that the number of bird species had risen considerably. By March 1993, 170 bird species, which is approximately 40% of the bird species recorded in the state of Andhra Pradesh, were identified in Rishi Valley, including the rare and endemic yellow-throated bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus). Perhaps the most spectacular comeback has been that of the yellow-throated bulbul. Recorded from Rishi Valley in the early 1990s, this bird had not been seen on the campus, and its immediate vicinity, with certainty, ever since. The birds could however be regularly seen in the foothills of Horsley Hills, just three kilometers or so, at the western end of the valley.[35] This event was reported to the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP), and as a result, Rishi Valley was included in the Biodiversity Map and Computerized Data Base maintained by the council at its headquarters in Cambridge, England, as one of the areas in the tropics for global conservation,[31] whose response was: 'We have little recent published information on the distribution of this species in the ornithological literature, despite that fact that it is unique to India and apparently rather a scarce bird. Your record is therefore extremely valuable to the Biodiversity Project.'[36]

The yellow-throated bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus)

In 1997, Rishi Valley set up an Institute for Bird Studies and Natural History, which monitors bird populations in the vicinity and currently runs a Home Studies Course in Ornithology

The drylands of Rishi Valley are of a varied complexion and include bare hill slopes on the north and north-eastern sides of the which surround the road leading to the school. Dodonea bushes, Anona squamosas, Cassia auriculatus and the many species of acacias that grow in these drylands have adapted to the prevalent conditions. Many of these plants have deep roots and are thus able to withstand long periods of drought. Grains, weeds, termites, insects and larvae constitute the diets of many of the birds that inhabit this terrain. A variety of birds inhabit the dryland areas, such as singing bush larks (Mirafra javanica), ashy-crowned finch-larks (Eremopterix grisea), jungle wren-warblers (Prinia salvatica), and the Indian robin (Saxicoloides fulicata).[29]

The project to create a forest on the bare hillsides of the south of the Rishi Valley campus started in the late 1970's with the construction of a high bund to hold the water running down the hillsides. The result was a thick growth of bamboo, Lantana bushes and native species of trees like pongamia, albizzia, morinda, nux-vomica and sandalwood around the area. Many species of birds which migrate to the woodlands of Rishi Valley during the dry period return to exploit the varied ecological niches which open up during the rainy season, from January to September. Several other species such as doves, quails, the red-vented, red-whiskered and yellow-throated bulbuls, malhokas, babblers and rock thrushes live in the area all year around, and since trees are scarce in this area, the resident birds build nests just above ground level. Scublands cover nearly 35% of the ecosystem of Rishi Valley.[37]

In 1989, the course of the monsoon stream which ran into the Valley from the west was diverted; the water was guided into a large 25 acre tank, where it could collect and gradually percolate percolate into underground channels, and recharge the surrounding wells. Abundant rains in 1991 swelled the stream and it flowed into the tank, causing it to overflow and inundate a still larger area. 9 months later, the water continued to flow sluggishly, though in three separate gullies built by the members of the surrounding villages, who remembered their ancestral rights to these waters. Over 20 species of birds were drawn annually to the water tanks, especially pond herons, egrets, kites, the painted snipe, wagtails, and several species of kingfishers.[34]

Rishi Valley Special Development Area (RVSDA)

The Government of Andhra Pradesh undertook a singular step to declare Rishi Valley and its surrounding area a Special Development Area (RVSDA) and constitute the Rishi Valley Special Development Authority (RVDA). This was done in January 2008 vide G.O. (Government Order) Ms No. 97 MA. The G.O was issued under the Andhra Pradesh Urban Areas (Development) Act, 1975 (AP UADA). The main objectives of this initiative were to: 1. protect and conserve Rishi Valley's ecological diversity and prevent it from being degraded, through unrestrained growth; 2. ensure conservation that does not compromise the livelihoods of rural communities of the area and ensure inclusive growth of all stakeholders; 3. preserve Rishi Valley's cultural heritage. The boundaries of the RVSDA define a hydro-geological unit covering an area of 5176.97 acres in the Kurabalakota Mandal of Chittoor District. The geographical extent of the RVSDA is 33 hamlets in Thettu and Kurabalakota Panchayats (including the Rishi Valley Education Centre) of Kurabalakota Mandal. Rishi Valley Education Center (RVEC) is one of many stakeholders in what is essentially an Andhra Pradesh State Government driven program. However, due to RVEC's 80 year history at this location and convergence of environmental interests with that of the RVSDA, it plays the role of facilitator. RVEC also works closely with Government Departments to ensure that relevant development programs are effectively implemented in the RVSDA. RVEC engages actively on a day to day basis with District and Panchayat level administration.[38]

Other efforts

The Rural Education Centre (REC), run by the Rishi Valley Institute for Educational Resources (RIVER), established in the late 1970s, has sought to provide schooling to the children from nearby areas. In 1987 the centre received a grant to develop an educational model. The result was "School in a Box", a system for learning that has been adopted at several satellite schools administered by Rishi Valley in Andhra Pradesh. The satellite schools are run using the student fees from the main school. The model has been adopted in many other parts of the world in collaboration with the UNICEF. The methodology involves a sequence of activities with five types of activities, namely introductory, reinforcement, evaluation, remedial and enrichment. These activities are taken up by students at their pace of learning. The rural education centre also provides basic healthcare through a Rural Health Centre.[39]

References

  1. ↑ "India's Top-ranked Legacy Boarding Schools". EducationWorld: 138. September 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  2. ↑ "Rishi Valley School, Profile". EducationWorld. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  3. ↑ Vittachi, Sarojini; Raghavan, Neeraja, eds. (2007). Alternative Schooling in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications. pp. 141–143. ISBN 978-0-7619-3619-0. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  4. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 7.
  5. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 3.
  6. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 4.
  7. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 6.
  8. ↑ Balasundaram 2012, p. 10.
  9. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 9.
  10. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 12.
  11. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 18.
  12. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 14.
  13. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 19.
  14. ↑ Dalal 2007.
  15. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 21.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Dalal 2007, p. 22.
  17. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 23.
  18. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 24.
  19. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 25.
  20. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 26.
  21. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 28.
  22. ↑ Balasundaram 2012, p. 27-29.
  23. ↑ Balasundaram 2012, p. 41.
  24. ↑ Balasundaram 2012, p. 43.
  25. ↑ Thapan 2006, p. 58.
  26. ↑ Padmanabhan, Mukund. "Blueprint for a life".
  27. ↑ Dalal 2007, p. 40.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Rangaswami, S.; Sridhar, S. (1993). Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats (1st ed.). Andhra Pradesh, India: Rishi Valley Education Centre. p. 51. ISBN 9788186042014.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Rangaswami, S.; Sridhar, S. (1993). Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats (1st ed.). Andhra Pradesh, India: Rishi Valley Education Centre. ISBN 9788186042014.
  30. ↑ RISHI VALLEY EDUCATION CENTRE – Conservation – Bird Studies, retrieved 2009-03-30
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Rangaswami, S.; Sridhar, S. (1993). Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats (1st ed.). Andhra Pradesh, India: Rishi Valley Education Centre. p. 18. ISBN 9788186042014.
  32. ↑ Kaplan, Robert D. (1996). The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century. New York: Random House Inc. p. 358. ISBN 0679431489.
  33. ↑ Rangaswami, S.; Sridhar, S. (1993). Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats (1st ed.). Andhra Pradesh, India: Rishi Valley Education Centre. p. 5. ISBN 9788186042014.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Rangaswami, S.; Sridhar, S. (1993). Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats (1st ed.). Andhra Pradesh, India: Rishi Valley Education Centre. p. 229. ISBN 9788186042014.
  35. ↑ Santharam, V. (2010). Bird News from Rishi Valley. Rishi Valley School, Andhra Pradesh, India: Institute of Bird Studies and Natural History. p. 77.
  36. ↑ Rangaswami, S.; Sridhar, S. (1993). Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats (1st ed.). Andhra Pradesh, India: Rishi Valley Education Centre. p. 81. ISBN 9788186042014.
  37. ↑ Rangaswami, S.; Sridhar, S. (1993). Birds of Rishi Valley and Renewal of Their Habitats (1st ed.). Andhra Pradesh, India: Rishi Valley Education Centre. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9788186042014.
  38. ↑ http://www.rishivalley.org/RVSDA/rvsda_overview.html''. Missing or empty |title= (help);
  39. ↑ Blum, N. (2009). "Small NGO schools in India: implications for access and innovation." (PDF). Compare 39 (2): 235–248.

Further reading

External links

Media related to Rishi Valley School at Wikimedia Commons

Coordinates: 13°38′02″N 78°27′14″E / 13.634°N 78.454°E