Rio Negro (Amazon)
| Negro River (Río Negro) | |
| Guainía River | |
 Sunset over the Rio Negro, upstream from Manaus | |
| Countries | Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela |
|---|---|
| Tributaries | |
| - left | Branco River (and many smaller rivers) |
| - right | Vaupés River (and many smaller rivers) |
| Source | highlands of Colombia |
| - location | Guainía Department, Amazon region, Colombia |
| Mouth | Amazon River |
| - location | Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil |
| - coordinates | 3°08′00″S 59°54′30″W / 3.13333°S 59.90833°WCoordinates: 3°08′00″S 59°54′30″W / 3.13333°S 59.90833°W |
| Length | 2,250 km (1,400 mi) [1] |
| Basin | 691,000 km2 (267,000 sq mi) |
| Discharge | mouth |
| - average | 28,000 m3/s (988,800 cu ft/s) [2] |
 Map showing the Rio Negro in the Amazon Basin
| |
The Rio Negro (Portuguese: Rio Negro [ˈʁi.u nɛɡɾu]; Spanish: Río Negro [ˈri.o ˈneɣɾo] "Black River") is the largest left tributary of the Amazon, the largest blackwater river in the world, and one of the world's ten largest rivers in average discharge. It has its sources along the watershed between the Orinoco and the Amazon basins, and also connects with the Orinoco by way of the Casiquiare canal in southern Venezuela. In Colombia, where the Rio Negro's sources are located, it is called the Guainía River. Its main affluent is the Vaupés, which disputes with the headwaters of the Guaviare branch of the Orinoco, the drainage of the eastern slope of the Andes of Colombia. The Rio Negro flows into the Rio Solimões to form the Amazon River South of Manaus, Brazil.
Rio Negro is navigable for 700 kilometres (430 mi) from its mouth in 1 metre of water in the dry season, but it has many sandbanks and minor difficulties. A small portion of it forms the international boundary between Colombia and Venezuela.
In the wet season, it floods the country far and wide, sometimes to a width of 30 kilometres (19 mi), for long distances, and for 650 kilometres (400 mi) upstream. During this time, from April until October, it is a succession of lagoons, full of long islands and intricate channels as far as Santa Isabel do Rio Negro. The foothills of the Andes begin just before reaching the Vaupés River. At this point, the Negro narrows and is filled with many large rocks over which it violently flows in cataracts, rapids and whirlpools. Despite the impediments, canoes and motor launches ascend past São Gabriel da Cachoeira to the Andes.
While the name Rio Negro means Black River, its waters aren't exactly black; they are similar in color to strong tea. The dark color comes from humic acid from incomplete breakdown of phenol-containing vegetation from sandy clearings. The river's name arises from the fact that it looks black from afar.
Much has been written on the productivity of the Rio Negro and other blackwater rivers. The older idea that these are "hunger rivers" is giving way, with new research, to the recognition that the Rio Negro, for example, supports a large fishing industry and has numerous turtle beaches. If the Negro was empty of Indians during the 17th century, introduced exotic diseases and warfare are more likely causes than low river productivity.
Rio Negro has a very high species richness. About 700 fish species have been documented in the river basin, and it is estimated that the total is 800–900 fish species, including almost 100 endemics and several undescribed species.[3] Among these are many that are important in the aquarium trade, including the cardinal tetra.[3]
Notes
- ↑ Ziesler, R.; Ardizzone, G.D. (1979). "Amazon River System". The Inland waters of Latin America. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-000780-9. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014.
- ↑ Seyler, Patrick; Laurence Maurice-Bourgoin; Jean Loup Guyot. "Hydrological Control on the Temporal Variability of Trace Element Concentration in the Amazon River and its Main Tributaries". Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM). Retrieved 24 July 2010.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hales, J., and P. Petry (2013). Rio Negro. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 12 February 2013
References
- Goulding, M., Carvalho, M. L., & Ferreira, E. J. G. (1988). Rio Negro, rich life in poor water : Amazonian diversity and foodchain ecology as seen through fish communities. The Hague: SPB Academic Publishing. ISBN 90-5103-016-9
- Saint-Paul, U., Berger, U., Zuanon, J., Villacorta Correa, M. A., García, M., Fabré, N. N., et al. (2000). Fish communities in central Amazonian white- and blackwater floodplains. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 57(3), 235-250.
- Sioli, H. (1955). Beiträge zur regionalen Limnologie des Amazonasgebietes. III. Über einige Gewässer des oberen Rio Negro-Gebietes. Arch. Hydrobiol., 50(1), 1-32.
- Wallace, A. R. (1853). A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro, with an account of the native tribes, and observations on the climate, geology, and natural history of the Amazon Valley. London: Reeve.
- Wright, R. (2005). História indígena e do indigenismo no Alto Rio Negro. São Paulo, Brazil: UNICAMP & Instituto Socioambiental. ISBN 85-7591-042-6.
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