Rhythm Nation (music video)

Rhythm Nation
Directed by Dominic Sena
Starring Janet Jackson
Music by Janet Jackson, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Production
company
Release dates
  • September 1989

(premiere)

Running time
 4:27
Country United States
Language English

The music video for recording artist Janet Jackson's single "Rhythm Nation" was directed by Dominic Sena. It was filmed as part of the long-form video Rhythm Nation 1814 Film at a power plant located in Pasadena, California. The video is notable for its "post-apocalyptic" warehouse setting, black military garb, and choreography, considered to "set the template for hundreds of videos to come in the Nineties and aughts."

It won multiple accolades, including Billboard Awards (Director's Award and Music Video Award for Artistic Achievement), MTV Video Music Awards (Best Choreography and Best Dance Video) and Soul Train Awards (Music Video of the Year). It was listed among the Greatest Music Videos of All Time by Slant Magazine and voted within the top ten Best Music Videos of the 1980s by Billboard. The song and video earned Jackson the MTV Video Vanguard Award for her impact on entertainment.

Entertainment Weekly considered the video "legendary", and Rolling Stone included it in a list of 10 Favorite Dancing Musicians, calling Jackson "a brilliant dancer" who has "arguably had a greater long-term impact on the choreography of contemporary music videos" than Michael Jackson.[1] The publication also titled it "the gold standard for dystopian dance pop music videos," featuring "some of the most memorable choreography in pop video history."[2] The Los Angeles Times considered Janet's choreography to be "even more enthralling" than those of her contemporaries.[3] The song and choreography is also a mainstay at talent shows worldwide, and has been performed at The X Factor, Britain's Got Talent, and America's Best Dance Crew, with an Australian music show also named after the song. Various actors and choreographers, including Wade Robson and Travis Payne, have cited Jackson and the "Rhythm Nation" routine as a primary influence to their careers.

The video's outfit has received various tributes, being displayed at Walt Disney World theme park, Rock & Roll Hall of Fame's "Women Who Rock: Vision, Passion, Power" exhibit, and the National Museum of Women in the Arts. A wax figure of Jackson wearing the outfit was also included in Madame Tussaud's exhibits in Hollywood and New York, as well as Tussaud's Rock Circus exhibit in London.

Music video

The black-and-white, military-inspired "Rhythm Nation" video was directed by Dominic Sena in August 1989. It was the finale in the Rhythm Nation 1814 Film, following videos for "Miss You Much" and "The Knowledge". Known for its high-octane choreography in an abandoned factory, the video won an award for Best Choreography and was nominated for Best Dance Video at the MTV Video Music Awards, where Jackson also received the MTV Video Vanguard Award.[4][5] "Rhythm Nation" ranked at thirty-seven on VH1's "Greatest 100 Videos" and forty-four on MTV's "100 Greatest Videos Ever Made". The video features a young Tyrin Turner. The success of "Rhythm Nation" allowed Sena to subsequently direct films such as Swordfish, Gone in 60 Seconds and Season of the Witch.

Development

The "Rhythm Nation" video was filmed simultaneously with "Miss You Much" and "The Knowledge," which were later combined to form the long-form music video Rhythm Nation 1814 Film. The video was filmed over a period of twenty days at the Pasadena Power Plant in Pasadena, California, and served as the finale in the series.

Speaking to MTV, Jackson said, "I knew who I wanted to direct "Rhythm Nation," that was simple: Dominic Sena. After working with him on "Let's Wait Awhile", I absolutely fell in love with him. [...] Dominic understood story, and he could put onscreen, from front to back, the whole picture you had in your head." Deciphering the video's scenery, Jackson explained, "the foggy, smoky street and the dark, black-and-white tone, that was all intentional. When you've done a lot of videos, it can be difficult to keep it fresh and new. You have to try something you've never done, in fear of looking like something you've already created."[6] The video was shot in black-and-white to locate everybody's skin tone within shades of grey, portraying the Rhythm Nation's slogan: "We are like-minded individuals, sharing a common vision, pushing toward a world rif of color-lines."[7] "There were so many races in that video, from Black to White and all the shades of gray in between. Black-and-white photography shows all those shades, and that's why we used it," said Jackson.[8]

Jackson (center) performing in the music video for "Rhythm Nation" surrounded by male and female dancers in militant unisex attire.

"We're living in a very visual time right now," Jackson explains. "That's why videos are so important. Before, they really weren't. They play such an important part in the music business. The next is the live show. But the first they ever see of you is the video."[9] Describing Jackson on the set of the video, journalist David Ritz said "Janet Jackson's mood seems retiring, but underneath, like so much else about her, there's more than meets the eye. For hours she obliges the camera during a grueling photography session on a sun-soaked day at the Pasadena Power Plant, a central locale for her black-and-white-dance video, a mysterious and metaphorical work dramatizing the concerns of Rhythm Nation." Jackson's clothes were considered to reflect "a quiet sadness," being "cooperative to a fault, yet inwardly shy."[10]

Jackson was often questioned for her black attire and uniforms, saying "A lady came up to me and asked, 'Why do you always wear so much black? Is it because it is slimming?'"[8] "Wearing black shows that for once that you can represent something positive and not negative," she emphasized, and offered harsh words for those who equate negativity with the color black, referring to the day the stock market crashed being known as "Black Monday". Jackson responds. Jackson recalled being hurt over the comments of an African-American critic who considered her black attire "drab," saying "He's been brainwashed because he can't see what I'm trying to show - and that hurt me so bad. I would hope that everyone will understand that for once black represents something good."[8] "That's why I decided the color scheme for Rhythm Nation - the costumes, the cover art, the overall feeling - would be positively, uncompromisingly Black."[10] Several label executives reportedly told Jackson the album and video wouldn't have "crossover" appeal. With Jackson's persistence, the video became "the most far-reaching single project the company has ever attempted."[8] In a later interview, Jackson said "The concept basically was very industrial black and white, not wanting any color brought to it" - "no color lines is was it was, so everyone is all somewhat of the same kind of tone." "Dominic Sena directed it, it was a twenty day shoot. A lot of work, long hours."[11] Sena commented "She's always out there trying to give people something different and fresh, and exciting to look at. If it's been done before she doesn't want anything to do with it, it's like 'let's start over'. Part of the reason she gravitated toward a new choreographer this time, a young guy who hadn't had that much experience, an amazing street dancer, and they developed a rapport and she said 'nobody's seen this guy's stuff before, I'll work with him. We'll develop these steps and give people something fresh to look at."[12]

Long-form music video

The full-length music video, known as the Rhythm Nation 1814 Film, consists of the videos for "Miss You Much", "The Knowledge", and "Rhythm Nation", filmed simultaneously over a period of twenty days. It received a Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video. The video premiered in full on September 16, 1989 on MTV to high ratings, and was aired several times the following week.[13] Producer Jimmy Jam said "The concept for the half-hour, long-form video was already in the works when we recorded the album. Janet's choreographer was here, so we knew what the steps were going to be for the songs, how the story would be treated, and how the video was going to look. [...] We actually tried to make the album sound a little like the black-and-white images in the video, rather than adapting the video to the album. A lot of the music was treated almost as soundtrack."[14] While filming "The Knowledge", Jackson collapsed from exhaustion after filming for over 25 consecutive hours, explaining "That's the one area where I must be careful. Sometimes I won't sleep, won't stop reviewing, won't stop searching for ways to improve the projects. The projects absorb me. When we were filming the long video, I actually collapsed."[15] Describing the situation, journalist David Ritz, who attended the video's filming, commented "Looking at "The Knowledge," it appears that Janet's physical breakdown came at the emotional climax of the video. "Prejudice, no!" she cries, kicking and smashing windows with the anger of a soul possessed. "Ignorance, no! Bigotry, no! Illiteracy, no!" she bemoans, before falling onto the ledge of the roof, dangerously positioned on the edge, ominous clouds of change racing overhead."[15]

Critical reception

The "Rhythm Nation" video received favorable reviews from critics and journalists, focusing on its theme of unity and choreography. Comparing Lady Gaga to Jackson, Kyle Anderson of MTV News described it as "the clip that sent Jackson into the stratosphere as an envelope-pushing pop star."[16]

"The clip that sent Jackson into the stratosphere as an envelope-pushing pop star." — MTV[16]

"Shot in stark black and white and set in a smokey, oppressive factory setting, Jackson leads what appears to be a hip paramilitary organization through some of the most memorable choreography in pop video history. The future may look bleak, but at least it's funky." — Rolling Stone[2]

"Janet's dance nation is a hard, angular, geometric battle plan, and as the title track's stunning, monochromatic video clip confirms, the schematic first calls for an almost Zen-like transcendence of self." — Slant Magazine[17]

“
”

Entertainment Weekly called the video "legendary," and Rolling Stone included it in a list of "10 Favorite Dancing Musicians," calling Jackson "a brilliant dancer" who has "arguably had a greater long-term impact on the choreography of contemporary music videos" than Michael Jackson. The publication added the video "set the template for hundreds of videos to come in the Nineties and aughts."[1][18] It was also included in a list of the "Ten Best Apocalyptic Dance Music Videos" in 2011, heralded as "the gold standard for dystopian dance pop music videos" which features "some of the most memorable choreography in pop video history."[2] The Sun Sentinel called it "dark, futuristic," and "unforgettable," adding "No one can witness the militaristic precision of Rhythm Nation, which gives the impression that a really angry pep squad has taken over the dance floor, and not see how Janet's style has been sampled, borrowed and stolen over and over ... and over."[19]

In 2013, Cosmopolitan listed it among the "10 Most Iconic Music Video Looks of the 80s", saying "How do you step out from behind the shadow of the world’s biggest pop star? You strap on some black, wear a key as an earring and dance like you’re going to war. Janet is a style General and all the rest better fall in line."[20] Slant Magazine ranked the video among the "100 Greatest Music Videos", calling the "stunning, monochromatic" video it "one of the most intricately and powerfully choreographed music videos of all time," saying "the solidarity of Janet Jackson's multi-racial Rhythm Nation dancers is evoked with hyper-synchronized movements while their individuality is expressed via their separate, distinct dances."[21] The publication observed Jackson "saw dance as a movement in both senses of the word: an athletic extension of ones own socio-political force of will," as well as a "obliterator of races, genders, creeds," calling for a "Zen-like transcendence of self."[22] The publication also stated, "if the song's music video inadvertently recalled the spirit of Leni Riefenstahl, its vision of unity through mandatory multiculturalism reverses the Nazi demagogue's ideology."[23] Additional commentary said the clip "wasn’t the norm for most things in the 80s, let alone a pop music video."[24] Another review considered it "groundbreaking" and "famous for its dynamic choreography in an abandoned factory," exclaiming "Fast-paced and bold, viewers become hooked to the catchy tunes and soulful sounds of the groundbreaking dance video."[25]

PopEater commented "Known for her scene-setting, story-telling videos, her call to action video for 'Rhythm Nation' is no exception", adding Jackson's "military-styled high kicks and dance sequences take the cake."[26] Entertainment Weekly considered it "groundbreaking," also "striking, timeless and instantly recognizable."[27][28] Elena Gooray of 34th Street Magazine praised the video's overall theme, concept, and wardrobe, exclaiming "Janet’s messages? Justice, togetherness, the power of dance. Those ideas are simple and almost by definition inoffensive. Her use of military themes? Only to inspire her wardrobe and some incredibly synchronized dance routines with bangin’ choreography."[29] Music journalist Richard Croft considered it "captivating, saying "Anyone with an interest in music videos, dancing, military jackets or nunchucks – you need to see the short film that accompanied ‘Rhythm Nation’. It is incredible, one of the top five music videos ever made." Croft added, "I’ve never seen dancing like that in a video, and no matter how many times I see it, I can never look away. It’s captivating. ‘Rhythm Nation’ is the most empowering, come-on-get-up song in the world. They should play it before sporting matches like the national anthem. Yet the lyrics never say that thinking positively and coming together is all we need to do to achieve our goals – there was work to do in 1989, there’s work to do now. No struggle, no progress."[30]

Long-form reception

Rolling Stone described the full length piece as a "mini-musical" which "told the morality tale of two shoeshine boys who discover the Rhythm Nation."[21] The New York Times stated the plot "juxtaposes her dance routines with grim urban imagery and a plot line about drugs versus dreams."[31] Chris Willman of The LA Times considered it "ambitious" and "fun," saying "The can-humans-really-do-that? choreography in the three dance numbers is on a par with, and may even top, the best of brother Michael's hoof-happy videos." Willman added, "Miss You Much" is full of joy and giddy goofiness, and establishes shyly grinning Janet—a real team player in this big production number—as winsome and human after some of her earlier ice-goddess poses. "The Knowledge" and "Rhythm Nation" are angrier performances; the former is a bravura solo rooftop dance, with Jackson breaking windows and knocking over objects in rage at the dying of the light. What connects these numbers is an anti-drug story, unfortunately bolstered by the glitziness-among-the-L.A.-ruins imagery of "Blade Runner." Director Dominic Sena's "slick penchant for neato futuristic grime" was also praised, adding "the big-bass songs and the dazzling dancing say what the hokey script can't. Her feet, her body, her grace and her lightning speed are fine arguments for sobriety indeed."[13]

Choreography

The video's choreography has been considered one of the most recognizable and imitated routines in pop culture. Choreographer Anthony Thomas said, "she's not a trained dancer/ It comes from her soul. She's a natural. She's unbelievable."[32] Rolling Stone included the video in a list of "10 Favorite Dancing Musicians", calling Jackson "a brilliant dancer" who has "arguably had a greater long-term impact on the choreography of contemporary music videos" than Michael Jackson, setting a format for "hundreds" of subsequent videos.[18] The publication said "Jackson leads what appears to be a hip paramilitary organization through some of the most memorable choreography in pop video history."[2] The publication also exclaimed Jackson's "dazzling dancing" and the "The can-humans-really-do-that? choreography" in the video "is on a par with, and may even top, the best of brother Michael's hoof-happy videos", commending her "lightning speed".[13]

Jackson filmed "Rhythm Nation" at a power plant located in California (pictured).

Billboard commented "Ms. Jackson and her crew put on their military jackets and did the finely choreographed routine that fans everywhere wore out countless VHS tapes rewinding to memorize."[33] Sweat, Tears, and Jazz Hands author Mike Weaver commended the video's impact on choreography, declaring "praised for its probing lyrics and video and production innovation, made her recognized and respected dancer and performer in the industry. Janet Jackson and her crew's innovative, one-of-a-kind, funk-and-groove choreography was unlike anything seen in the history of pop music. [...] By the early '90s, every show choir and every hiphop dancer wanted to cut and paste parts and pieces of the Rhythm Nation production into their set."[34] The book Gender and Qualitative Methods suggested the routine represents "self-control and military discipline" - "they move in unison and in the same rhythm, dancing like roots, with stiff square arm movements," also exhibiting Asian martial arts.[35] The Orlando Sentinel regarded Jackson to portray "Swiss-watch precision" in the routine.[36] Slant Magazine said the clip "anointed Janet the ambassador of intricately choreographed," being among "the most intricately and powerfully choreographed music videos of all time."[21][37] The Guardian said the routine was "made famous by its memorably routine- infested video," described as "an aerobic goose step" by The New York Times.[38][39] Yahoo! Music stated the video's "intense cinematography" ultimately "set the bar right" for many performers.[40] BET ranked the video as having the "Best Dance Moves in a Music Video" in 2013, commenting "the dance moves — from the finger count down to the standing split — were as crisp as the uniforms."[41] Geico also noted The Running Man dance gained fame through the video.[42]

Another critique stated "most of the video consists of Jackson with background dancers performing a synchronized dance routine. Judging by the serious facial expressions and vigorous body movements of Jackson and her dancers, the men and women in “Rhythm Nation” are confident, courageous, and display unmatched conviction."[25] Jackson and her dancers were analyzed to "march toward the camera in a dominating manner" while simultaneously "performing moves that most humans couldn’t accomplish without a personal trainer and lots of free time on their hands."[43] A brief scene potentially depicting sexuality in the video's choreography was also debated, though the video was ultimately praised for its depiction of social themes, explaining "Although there are no sexually explicit lyrics or messages in “Rhythm Nation” that would be obvious to audiences, there is a short scene two minutes and thirty eight seconds into the music video that is somewhat sexual. [...] Instead of using sexual elements to attract audiences, it portrays the strong bond between entertainers and social activists with a common goal."[25]

An excerpt of the book Parallel Lines: Media Representations of Dance gave a detailed analysis and description of the long-form video's styles and portrayal of choreography.

Outfit

The outfit worn for the video and performances of the song is infamous in popular culture. Jackson's appearance includes "a fearless red-lipped pout and long black ponytail," along with "a black baseball hat with a metal "1814" applique, a black military-style shirt jacket with silver buckles and faux leather straps and collar, black belted pants and chunky, strappy boots."[45] Another analysis observed Jackson and her dancers "dressed in black, cadet-style costumes that cover the entire body except the face."[25] A biography of Jackson stated she attempted her performances to "center around her and her dancers, who would act as "soldiers" in a kind of army of reformers. Her outfit was a dark, buttonedup uniform, and she moved in tight formation with her dancers."[46] The New York Times also said the clip "stars Ms. Jackson buttoned up tight in a tailored uniform, with an Army issue coat, epaulets and combat boots."[39] An additional anecdote from the publication noted "Ms. Jackson, done up in black military-inspired garb, was eager to rail against societal ills like racism and domestic abuse."[47]

Jackson performing "Rhythm Nation" on the Number Ones, Up Close and Personal tour, 2011.

Chris Ryan of MTV praised Jackson's look as trendsetting, saying "Janet took her place at the top of the trendsetting heap." MTV's Rebecca Thomas also commented Jackson "made a signature of dangling-key earrings, boxy black hats and suits adorned in gold hardware".[48][49] Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of MTV Style spoke about its influence, recalling that "everyone wanted to dress like her" and dance classes would "dedicate hours" to the video's choreography; "she had her own personal Rhythm Nation hardware and bondage straps; I can't figure out or remember if she predated the Boy London hardware caps, but both were around the same time, and she was influential enough that it's not unlikely her steez gave them the idea."[50] Yahoo! Music denoted "Every Janet Jackson wardrobe varies depending on her albums and concert appearances. [...] During this era, the superstar wore more simplistic attire for her performances."[51] An additional critique regarded the video's wardrobe "intimidating" and "uniform fetish," likened to "some type of dark-ops cadet corps."[43] Other aspects of Jackson's ensemble in the clip are also regarded as influential. Essence also praised Jackson as a trendsetter, commenting "she started her own movement with the hoop earrings with the solo key."[52] Retail outlet Karmaloop called Jackson's snapback hat "80s signature style", selling a hat based on Jackson's.[53] MTV credited the hat worn in the video as one of the reasons for the snapback hat's revival in popularity.[54]

In 2011, Entertainment Weekly included the outfit at number nineteen on a list of 50 Stars Who Rocked Fashion, commenting Jackson adopted a "crisp military look for the ladies — with epaulets, cadet caps, fierce tailoring."[55] In 2013, Lucky Magazine ranked the video among "The 18 Most Stylishly Influential Music Videos of All Time".[56] The same year, Cosmopolitan listed "Rhythm Nation" among the "10 Most Iconic Music Video Looks of the 80s".[20] In 2013, Alexander Fury of The Independent called Jackson a "style icon", exclaiming "the artwork created with Eighties illustrator Tony Viramontes for Control stands the test of time, as does the video for 1989's "Rhythm Nation", adding he was "obsessed" with the video's "get-up of quasi-military uniform accessorised with a single key on a hoop earring." Fury also said Jackson "deserves a place in the fashion hall of fame".[57]

Unity and equality

The themes of unity among the dancers and various ethnicities, as well as gender quality, has received praise from critics.

Slant Magazine observed "The solidarity of Janet Jackson's multi-racial Rhythm Nation dancers is evoked with hyper-synchronized movements while their individuality is expressed via their separate, distinct dances."[21] The New York Times praised Jackson as a feminist, proclaiming "although most female characters on MTV are still reclining, swept off their feet by the fantasies of self-serving musicians and video directors, more singers are getting up and standing on their own two feet. You only have to catch Janet Jackson's hit, Rhythm Nation to be convinced that a change has taken place," calling it "a far cry from the lascivious bodies in various states of undress that flood the channel."[39] 34th Street Magazine applauded the video's implication of gender neutrality, saying "“Rhythm Nation” makes a far superior statement on the fluidity of gender. In this video, men and women dress and dance identically and no one’s really sexualized. Everyone just knows how to move. In other words, sometimes the best way to send a positive message is not to try so damn hard."[29] The clip's theme of activism and leadership was also commended, writing "instead of using sexual elements to attract audiences, it portrays the strong bond between entertainers and social activists with a common goal," in an attempt to speaks "particularly to young people and encourages them to be the leaders of tomorrow. Jackson passes on the message of social activist Mahatma Gandhi who once said, “You must be the change you wish to see in the world."[25] A biography stated the video spreads "a message of love that was neither naive not superficial."[58]

The video features dancers of "African-American, Caucasian, and Asian ancestry," aiding Jackson in becoming known for "breaking existing racial stereotypes specifically toward African-American women," depicting her as a "socially responsible citizen with dignity and grace."[25] The backing dancers in the video were thought to represent "social activists", shrouded by "empty surroundings" deciphered as "the indifferent attitudes in society." Jackson and her dancers were considered "confident, courageous," and displaying "unmatched conviction". The video was used as an example of "positive gender performance of black women in a music video" in the book Gender and Qualitative Methods, considered to produce "a new kind of desire and a new position for a female viewer (and listener)." The video's director was noted to construct Jackson as "a creative, intelligent professional, someone who aims at promoting the status of black people, especially women." Dressed in identical uniforms, Jackson and the dancers "move in unison and in the same rhythm, dancing like roots, with stiff square arm movements. ... Jackson is also dressed in a uniform and is performing asexually and almost anonymously in front of, but as one of the members of the group."[35] The video was also one of the only popular music videos considered suitable to be broadcast to US troops in Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf due to religious restrictions on the portrayal of female sexuality. Commenting on the situation, VH1 executive Jackie Sharp said "It's the perfect women's video, because they're all buttoned up to the neck and nobody touches".[59]

Legacy and influence

Further information: Rhythm Nation (influence)

Awards and accolades

Award Nominated work Result
Billboard Music Awards Director's Award Won
Billboard Music Awards Best Female Video Artist Won
Billboard Music Awards Tanqueray Sterling Music Video Award for Artistic Achievement Won
Billboard 10 Best 80's Music Videos Won
Cosmopolitan 10 Most Iconic Music Video Looks of the 80s (2013) Won
Grammy Awards Best Music Video, Long Form (Rhythm Nation 1814 Film) Won
Legends in Concert Janet Jackson & "Rhythm Nation" Won
MTV Bust Up: Best Dance Video Ever Won
MTV Video Music Awards Best Choreography in a Video Won
MTV Video Music Awards Best Dance Video Won
MTV Video Music Awards Video Vanguard Award Won
National Museum of Women in the Arts "Rhythm Nation" outfit Won
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame "Women Who Rock: Vision, Passion, Power" Exhibit ("Rhythm Nation" outfit and lyrics, 2011) Won
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame "Women Who Rock: Vision, Passion, Power" songwriting exhibit ("Rhythm Nation") Won
Rolling Stone Ten Best Apocalyptic Dance Music Videos (2011) Won
Rolling Stone 10 Favorite Dancing Musicians (2011) Won
Slant Magazine Greatest Music Videos of All Time Won
Soul Train Awards Music Video of the Year Won
VH1 100 Greatest Videos (#37) Won

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "'Glee' recap: No Strings Attached". Entertainment Weekly. 29-11-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Ten Best Apocalyptic Dance Music Videos". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 04-06-11. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  3. ↑ "Janet Jackson Finally Learns to Say 'I'". Los Angeles Times. Hilburn, Robert. 15-04-90. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ "MTV Video Music Awards nominees", Austin American-Statesman, 1990-09-05: 5
  5. ↑ Francesca Chapman (1990-09-07), "Sinead Takes MTV's Top Video Award", Philadelphia Daily News: 65
  6. ↑ I Want My MTV: The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution. Tannenbaum, Rob. 27-10-11. p. 179. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ↑ The Face Magazine, 1990. Page 77
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Ebony, February 1990. Page 50
  9. ↑ British Vogue, 1990. Page 578
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Essence Magazine, March 1990. Page 54
  11. ↑ http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/213453/on-the-rhythm-nation-video.jhtml On 'The 'Rhythm Nation' Video'
  12. ↑ Making of "Rhythm Nation", Rhythm Nation 1814 Film release
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "TV Reviews : Fancy Footwork Rescues Pretentious Jackson Show - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Willman, Chris. 16-09-89. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ↑ Keyboard, May 1990. Pages 26-27
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Essence Magazine, March 1990. Page 116
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "‘Alejandro’ Video Preview: Lady Gaga Tips Her Hat To Madonna And Janet Jackson". MTV. Anderson, Kyle. 02-06-10. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ↑ "The 100 Best Singles of the 1980s - Feature - Slant Magazine". Slant Magazine. 20-08-12. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Rolling Stone Readers Pick Their 10 Favorite Dancing Musicians". Rolling Stone. 14-07-11. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ↑ "Welcome To Planet Janet: It's Our World". The Sun Sentinel. Winston, Sherri. 18-03-01. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "10 Most Iconic Music Video Looks of The 80s - Cosmopolitan". Cosmopolitan. Manning, Charles. 06-11-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "100 Greatest Music Videos - Feature - Slant Magazine". Slant Magazine. Gonzalez, Ed. 29-06-03. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ↑ "Janet Jackson: Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 - Music Review - Slant Magazine". Slant Magazine. Henderson, Eric. 06-09-09. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ↑ "100 Greatest Dance Songs - Feature - Slant Magazine". Slant Magazine. 30-01-06. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ↑ "Are You A Part of the Rhythm Nation". Afro-punk.com. 07-03-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 "Rhythm Nation - CROSSING CROSSROADS". Wordpress. Torrenueva, Christopher. 13-02-10. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ↑ "Janet Jackson's Iconic Music Videos". PopEater. Glinow, Kiki Von. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  27. ↑ "The Evolution of Janet Jackson - Music - BET". 05-12. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ↑ "Action Jacksons - Michael Jackson Remembered - EW.com". Entertainment Weekly. Seymour, Craig. 07-12-99. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "We want no part of "Part of Me" - 34th Street Magazine". 34th Street Magazine. Gooray, Elena. 06-04-12. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ↑ "20. Janet Jackson – ‘Rhythm Nation’ (1989)". Wordpress. Croft, Richard. 01-06-10. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ↑ "RECORDINGS; Janet Jackson Adopts a New Attitude: Concern - New York Times". New York Times. Pareles, Jon. 17-09-98. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ↑ "Jackson Dances--'It Comes From Her Soul' - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Wine, Steven. 02-03-90. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ↑ "The 10 Best '80s Music Videos: Poll Results". Billboard. Letkemann, Jessica. 11-08-11. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ↑ Sweat, Tears, and Jazz Hands: The Official History of Show Choir from Vaudeville to Glee. Weaver, Mike. 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Gender and Qualitative Methods. Järviluoma, Helmi. 21-10-03. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ↑ "Pop Concert Or Mime Show?". Orlando Sentinel. 28-04-90. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ↑ "Janet Jackson: Damita Jo - Music Review - Slant Magazine". Slant Magazine. Cinquemani, Sal. 23-03-04. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ↑ "Pop review: Janet Jackson - The Guardian". The Guardian. Clarke, Betty. 27-07-01. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 "TV VIEW; Have Women Surrendered In MTV's Battle of the Sexes? - Page 4 - New York Times". New York Times. Texier, Katherine. 14-10-11. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ↑ "Janet Jackson Ends the 1980s with "Rhythm Nation1814"". Yahoo!. Lorraine, Hazel. 27-02-09. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ↑ "Werk: Best Dance Moves in a Music Video - Music - BET". BET. 09-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ↑ "The Happiest Dance Crazes Throughout Time". Buzzfeed. Geico. 06-03-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Backup Dancers From Hell: Janet Jackson – "Rhythm Nation"". Blogspot. Lageose, Brian. 27-05-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ↑ Parallel Lines: Media Representations of Dance. Jordan, Stephanie. pp. 68–70. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  45. ↑ "16 Janet Jackson Barbie Dolls That We'd Like To See". SoulBounce. 09-12-10. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  46. ↑ "Janet Jackson - Cindy Dyson - Google Books". Infobase Learning. Dyson, Cindy. 2000. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  47. ↑ "Capitalizing On Jackson Tempest - Page 2 - New York Times". New York Times. Ogunnaike, Lola. 04-02-04. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ↑ "Janet Jackson’s Look: The Good, The Bad And The WTF!?". MTV. Ryan, Chris. 02-04-10. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  49. ↑ "Rihanna Brings '777,' '90s Flashbacks And Dancehall To Brooklyn". MTV. Thomas, Rebeccas. 08-05-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ↑ "Style Icon: Janet Jackson - MTV Style". MTV News. 16-05-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ↑ "Janet Jackson Rhythm Nation Costume Instructions". Yahoo!. 07-07-09. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  52. ↑ "ESSENCE Icon: Janet Jackson". Essenceaccessdate=04-01-14.
  53. ↑ "This Is A Love Song Hat Rhythm Nation Snapback - Karmaloop.com". Karmaloop. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  54. ↑ "Get A Leather Snapback Like Rihanna, Kat Graham, Ciara And Brandy". MTV. Mahlmeister, Chrissy. 15-01-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ↑ "Janet Jackson - 50 Stars Who Rocked Fashion: Top 25 - EW.com". Entertainment Weekly. 14-10-11. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ↑ "Janet Jackson, "Rhythm Nation" - The 18 Most Stylishly Influential Music Videos Of All Time". Lucky Magazine. 11-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ↑ "Alexander Fury: I've long been obsessed with Rhythm Nation - Features - Fashion". The Independent. Fury, Alexander. 18-03-13. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  58. ↑ Michael Jackson, the Man Behind the Mask: An Insider's Story of the King of Pop. Jones, Bob. 2005. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  59. ↑ "Middle East Cover-Up - EW.com". EW. Harris, Mark. 15-02-91. Retrieved 4 January 2014. Check date values in: |date= (help)