Reverse tolerance
| Addiction glossary[1][2][3] |
|---|
| • addiction – a state characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli, despite adverse consequences |
| • reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them |
| • rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive or as something to be approached |
| • addictive drug – a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing |
| • addictive behavior – a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing |
| • sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it |
| • drug tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose |
| • drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose |
| • drug dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated drug intake |
| • physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue, delirium tremens, and/or persistent insomnia depending on substance) |
| • psychological dependence – dependence that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and anhedonia) |
Reverse tolerance or drug sensitization is the phenomenon of a reversal of the side-effects from a drug, the reduction of insensitivity caused after drug tolerance has been established, or, in some cases, an increase in specific effects of a single drug existing alongside a tolerance to other effects of the same substance.[4][5] Typically this involves the use of additional medication or abstinence from a drug for a period of time, known as a drug holiday. Such drugs include amphetamines and SSRIs.[6][7]
As a result, regular users commonly experience a quick decrease of unwanted side effects, without an equivalent loss of its stimulant properties.
See also
References
- ↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. ISBN 9780071481274.
- ↑ Nestler EJ (December 2013). "Cellular basis of memory for addiction". Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 (4): 431–443. PMC 3898681. PMID 24459410.
- ↑ "Glossary of Terms". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Department of Neuroscience. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
- ↑ Cross reverse tolerance between amphetamine, cocaine and morphine.
- ↑ Drugs & Death : Profiles of illegal drug abuse. Joseph C. Rupp, M.D., Ph.D.
- ↑ Leith N, Kuczenski R (1981). "Chronic amphetamine: tolerance and reverse tolerance reflect different behavioral actions of the drug.". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15 (3): 399–404. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(81)90269-0. PMID 7291243.
- ↑ Chaudhry I, Turkanis S, Karler R (1988). "Characteristics of "reverse tolerance" to amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation in mice.". Neuropharmacology 27 (8): 777–81. doi:10.1016/0028-3908(88)90091-3. PMID 3216957.