Reverse Monte Carlo

The Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modelling method is a variation of the standard Metropolis-Hastings algorithm to solve an inverse problem whereby a model is adjusted until its parameters have the greatest consistency with experimental data. Inverse problems are found in many branches of science and mathematics, but this approach is probably best known for its applications in condensed matter physics and solid state chemistry.

Applications in condensed matter sciences

Basic method

This method is often used in condensed matter sciences to produce atom-based structural models that are consistent with experimental data and subject to a set of constraints.

An initial configuration is constructed by placing N atoms in a periodic boundary cell, and one or more measurable quantities are calculated based on the current configuration. Commonly used data include the pair distribution function and its Fourier transform, the latter of which is derived directly from neutron or x-ray total scattering data. Other data that are used included Bragg diffraction data for crystalline materials, and EXAFS data. The comparison with experiment is quantified using a function of the form

χ2 = ∑ (yobs − ycalc)2 / σ2

where yobs and ycalc are the observed (measured) and calculated quantities respectively, and σ is a measure of the accuracy of the measurement. The sum is over all independent measurements, which will include the sum over all points in a function such as the pair distribution function.

An iterative procedure is run where one randomly chosen atom is moved a random amount, followed by a new calculation of the measurable quantities. Such a process will cause χ2 to either increase or decrease in value by an amount Δχ2. The move is accepted with the probability min(1, exp(−Δχ2/2)) according to the normal Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, ensuring that moves that give better agreement with experimental data are accepted, and moves that worsen agreement with experimental data can be accepted to a greater or lesser extent corresponding to how much the agreement has worsened. Moreover, the move may also be rejected if it breaks certain constraints, even if the agreement with data is improved. An example would be if two atoms become closer than a preset limit.

Following the acceptance/rejection test, the procedure is repeated. As the number of accepted atom moves increases, the calculated quantities will become closer to the experimental values until they reach an equilibrium state. From then onward the RMC algorithm will simply generate a small oscillation in the value of χ2. The resulting atomic configuration should be a structure that is consistent with the experimental data within its errors.

Applications

The RMC method for condensed matter problems was initially developed by McGreevy and Pusztai[1] in 1988, with application to liquid argon (Note that there were earlier independent applications of this approach, for example those of Kaplow et al.[2] and Gerold and Kern;[3] it is, however, the McGreevy and Pusztai implementation that is best known). For several years the primary application was for liquids and amorphous materials, particularly because this provides the only means to obtain structural models from data, whereas crystallography has analysis methods for both single crystal and powder diffraction data. More recently, it has become clear that RMC can provide important information for disordered crystalline materials also.[4]

Issues with the RMC method

The RMC method suffers from a number of potential problems. The most notable problem is that often more than one qualitatively different model will give similar agreement with experimental data. For example, in the case of amorphous silicon, the integral of the first peak in the pair distribution function may imply an average atomic coordination number of 4. This might reflect the fact that all atoms have coordination number of 4, but similarly having half the atoms with coordination number of 3 and half with 5 will also be consistent with this data. Unless a constraint on the coordination number is employed, the RMC method will have no means of generating a unique coordination number and most likely a spread of coordination numbers will result. Using amorphous silicon as an example, Biswas, Atta-Fynn and Drabold were the first to elucidate the importance of including constraints in RMC modeling.[5] Since the RMC method follows the normal rules of statistical mechanics, its final solution will be the one with the highest degree of disorder (entropy) possible. A second problem comes from the fact that without constraints the RMC method will typically have more variables than observables. One result from this will be that the final atomic configuration may have artifacts that arise from the method attempting to fit noise in the data.

One should remark, however, that most applications of the RMC approach today take account of these problems by appropriate use of implicit or explicit constraints.

Implementations of the RMC method

There are three publicly available implementations of the RMC method.

RMCProfile

RMCProfile[6][7] is a significantly developed version of the original RMC code, written in Fortran 95 with some Fortran 2003 features. It has maintained the ability to model liquids and amorphous materials using the pair distribution function, total scattering and EXAFS data, but also includes the capability of modelling crystalline materials by explicitly using the information contained within the Bragg diffraction data. RMCProfile gives users a range of constraints, including the inclusion of molecular potentials and distance windows, which exploit possibilities afforded by the lack of significant diffusion in crystalline materials. RMCProfile allows simulation of magnetic materials, using the magnetic component of total scattering data, and also allows simulation of materials where atoms are allowed to swap positions (as found in many solid solutions).

RMC++

RMC++[8][9] a rewritten version of the original RMC code in C++ . RMC++ is designed specifically for the study of liquids and amorphous materials, using pair distribution function, total scattering and EXAFS data.

HRMC

Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo(HRMC)[10][11] is a code capable of fitting both the pair correlation function and structure factor along with bond angle and coordination distributions. Unique to this code is the implementation of a number of empirical interatomic potentials for carbon (EDIP), silicon (EDIP[12] and Stillinger-Weber[13] ) and germanium (Stillinger-Weber). This allows the code to fit experimental data along with minimizing the total system energy.

References

  1. ↑ RL McGreevy and L Pusztai, Reverse Monte Carlo Simulation: A New Technique for the Determination of Disordered Structures, Molecular Simulation 1, 359–367, 1988
  2. ↑ R Kaplow, TA Rowe and BL Averebach. Atomic arrangement in vitreous selenium. Physical Review 168, 1068–1079, 1968
  3. ↑ V Gerold and J Kern, The determination of atomic interaction energy in solid solutions from short range order coefficients — an inverse Monte Carlo method. Acta Metallica 35, 393–399, 1987
  4. ↑ DA Keen, MG Tucker and MT Dove. Reverse Monte Carlo modelling of crystalline disorder. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 17, S15–S22, 2005
  5. ↑ Parthapratim Biswas, Raymond Atta-Fynn, and D. A. Drabold, Physical Review B 69, 195207 (2004)
  6. ↑ MG Tucker, DA Keen, MT Dove, AL Goodwin and Q Hui. RMCProfile: reverse Monte Carlo for polycrystalline materials. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, 335218, 2007
  7. ↑ RMCProfile home page, visited 22nd June 2010
  8. ↑ G Evrard and L Pusztai. Reverse Monte Carlo modelling of the structure of disordered materials with RMC++: a new implementation of the algorithm in C++. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 17, S1–S13, 2005
  9. ↑ RMC++ homepage, visited 22nd June 2010
  10. ↑ G. Opletal, T. C. Petersen, S. P. Russo, HRMC_2.1: Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo with silicon, germanium and silicon carbide potentials, Com. Phys. Comm., 185(6), 1854-1855 (2014).
  11. ↑ HRMC homepage
  12. ↑ Justo, J. F.; Bazant, M. K.; Kaxiras, E.; Bulatov, V. V.; Yip, S. (1998). "Interatomic potential for silicon defects and disordered phases". Phys. Rev. B 58: 2539. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.58.2539.
  13. ↑ Stillinger, F. H.; Weber, T. A. (1985). "COMPUTER-SIMULATION OF LOCAL ORDER IN CONDENSED PHASES OF SILICON". Phys. Rev. B 31: 5262. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.31.5262.