Religious affiliation in the United States Senate

While the religious preference of elected officials is by no means an indication of their allegiance nor necessarily reflective of their voting records, the religious affiliation of prominent members of all three branches of government is a source of commentary and discussion among the media and public. The topic is also of interest to religious groups and the general public who may appeal to Senators of their denomination on religious or moral issues facing the United States Senate.

Incumbent United States Senators

The following lists show the count of the reported religious affiliation of the members of the United States Senate in the 113th Congress.[1]


Protestant

Senator Party State Religious affiliation
Lamar Alexander Republican Tennessee Presbyterian[2][3]
John Barrasso Republican Wyoming Presbyterian[4][5]
Shelley Moore Capito Republican West Virginia Presbyterian
Tom Carper Democrat Delaware Presbyterian[6][7]
Dan Coats Republican Indiana Presbyterian[8][9]
Chris Coons Democrat Delaware Presbyterian[10][11]
Bob Corker Republican Tennessee Presbyterian[12][13]
Steve Daines Republican Montana Presbyterian
Mike Enzi Republican Wyoming Presbyterian[14][15]
Deb Fischer Republican Nebraska Presbyterian[16][17]
Jim Inhofe Republican Oklahoma Presbyterian[18][19]
Rand Paul Republican Kentucky Presbyterian[20][21]
Richard Shelby Republican Alabama Presbyterian[22][23]
Mark Warner Democrat Virginia Presbyterian[24][25]
Roy Blunt Republican Missouri Baptist[26][27]
Cory Booker Democrat New Jersey Baptist[28]
John Boozman Republican Arkansas Baptist[29][30]
Thad Cochran Republican Mississippi Baptist[31][32]
Ted Cruz Republican Texas Baptist[33][34]
Lindsey Graham Republican South Carolina Baptist[35][36]
Chuck Grassley Republican Iowa Baptist[37][38]
James Lankford Republican Oklahoma Baptist
John McCain Republican Arizona Baptist[39][40]
Mitch McConnell Republican Kentucky Baptist[41][42]
Roger Wicker Republican Mississippi Baptist[43][44]
Richard Burr Republican North Carolina Methodist[45][46]
Tom Cotton Republican Arkansas Methodist
Johnny Isakson Republican Georgia Methodist[47][48]
Jerry Moran Republican Kansas Methodist[49][50]
David Perdue Republican Georgia Methodist
Rob Portman Republican Ohio Methodist[51][52]
Pat Roberts Republican Kansas Methodist[53][54]
Jeff Sessions Republican Alabama Methodist[55][56]
Debbie Stabenow Democrat Michigan Methodist[57][58]
Elizabeth Warren Democrat Massachusetts Methodist[59][60]
Sherrod Brown Democrat Ohio Lutheran[61][62]
Joni Ernst Republican Iowa Lutheranism
Cory Gardner Republican Colorado Lutheranism
Martin Heinrich Democrat New Mexico Lutheran[63][64]
Ron Johnson Republican Wisconsin Lutheran[65][66]
Jeff Merkley Democrat Oregon Lutheran[67][68]
Ben Sasse Republican Nebraska Lutheranism
Tim Scott Republican South Carolina Lutheranism[69][70]
Angus King Independent Maine Episcopalian[71][72]
Bill Nelson Democrat Florida Episcopalian[73][74]
Gary Peters Democrat Michigan Episcopalian[75][76]
Sheldon Whitehouse Democrat Rhode Island Episcopalian[77][78]
Chris Murphy Democrat Connecticut Protestant[79][80]
Jeanne Shaheen Democrat New Hampshire Protestant[81][82]
John Thune Republican South Dakota Protestant[83][84]
Mark Kirk Republican Illinois United Church of Christ [1][85]
Amy Klobuchar Democrat Minnesota United Church of Christ[86][87]
John Cornyn Republican Texas Church of Christ[88][89]
Jon Tester Democrat Montana Church of God[90][91]
Bill Cassidy Republican Louisiana Evangelicalism[92]

Catholic

Senator Party State Religious affiliation
Kelly Ayotte Republican New Hampshire Catholic[93][94]
Maria Cantwell Democrat Washington Catholic[95][96]
Bob Casey, Jr. Democrat Pennsylvania Catholic[97][98]
Susan Collins Republican Maine Catholic[99][100]
Joe Donnelly Democrat Indiana Catholic[101][102]
Dick Durbin Democrat Illinois Catholic[103][104]
Kirsten Gillibrand Democrat New York Catholic[105][106]
Heidi Heitkamp Democrat North Dakota Catholic[107][108]
John Hoeven Republican North Dakota Catholic[109][110]
Tim Kaine Democrat Virginia Catholic[111][112]
Patrick Leahy Democrat Vermont Catholic[113][114]
Joe Manchin Democrat West Virginia Catholic[106][115]
Ed Markey Democrat Massachusetts Catholic[116][117]
Claire McCaskill Democrat Missouri Catholic[118][119]
Bob Menendez Democrat New Jersey Catholic[120][121]
Barbara Mikulski Democrat Maryland Catholic[122][123]
Lisa Murkowski Republican Alaska Catholic[124][125]
Patty Murray Democrat Washington Catholic[126][127]
Jack Reed Democrat Rhode Island Catholic[128][129]
Jim Risch Republican Idaho Catholic[130][131]
Mike Rounds Republican South Dakota Catholic
Marco Rubio Republican Florida Catholic[132][133]
Dan Sullivan Republican Alaska Catholic
Thom Tillis Republican North Carolina Catholic
Pat Toomey Republican Pennsylvania Catholic[134][135]
David Vitter Republican Louisiana Catholic[136][137]

Mormon/The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)

Senator Party State Religious affiliation
Mike Crapo Republican Idaho Mormon[138][139]
Jeff Flake Republican Arizona Mormon[140][141]
Orrin Hatch Republican Utah Mormon[142][143]
Dean Heller Republican Nevada Mormon[144][145]
Mike Lee Republican Utah Mormon[146][147]
Harry Reid Democrat Nevada Mormon[148][149]
Tom Udall Democrat New Mexico Mormon[150][151]

Jewish

Senator Party State Religious affiliation
Richard Blumenthal Democrat Connecticut Judaism[152][153]
Barbara Boxer Democrat California Judaism[154][155]
Ben Cardin Democrat Maryland Judaism[156][157]
Dianne Feinstein Democrat California Judaism[158][159]
Al Franken Democrat Minnesota Judaism[160][161]
Bernie Sanders Independent Vermont Judaism[162][163]
Brian Schatz Democrat Hawaii Judaism[164][165]
Chuck Schumer Democrat New York Judaism[166][167]
Ron Wyden Democrat Oregon Judaism[168][169]

Buddhist

Senator Party State Religious affiliation
Mazie Hirono Democrat Hawaii Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism[170][171]

Unaffiliated

Senator Party State Religious affiliation Notes
Tammy Baldwin Democrat Wisconsin Unaffiliated[172][173] Baptized Episcopalian[174]
Michael Bennet Democrat Colorado Unaffiliated[175][176] Raised in both Jewish and Christian traditions.[177]

Compared with general population

The most basic breakdown of the above data indicates that 85% of the Senate is Christian (compared with 78%[178] of the population) and 9 %of the Senate is Jewish (compared with 1.7% of the population).

The following list compares reported religious affiliations of U. S. Senators to religious statistics of the demographics of the United States of America:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (January 3, 2013). "THE RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION OF EACH MEMBER OF CONGRESS". pewforum.org.
  2. ↑ University of Pittsburgh (March 21, 2013). "LAMAR ALEXANDER". thornburghforum.pitt.edu.
  3. ↑ "Sen. Lamar Alexander Background Information". vanderbilt.edu. March 21, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Sen. John Barrasso (R-Wyo.)". rollcall.com. March 21, 2013.
  5. ↑ University of California, Santa Cruz (March 21, 2013). "Sen. John Barrasso (R-WY) 2nd term Republican from Wyoming. Appt. June 22, 2007.". ucforcalifornia.org.
  6. ↑ University of Delaware (January 19, 2011). "Thomas R. Carper Congressional Papers Biographical Note". lib.udel.edu.
  7. ↑ "Tom Carper". businessinsider.com. March 21, 2013.
  8. ↑ Eric Bradner (October 3, 2010). "2010 Vote: U.S. Senate Profile of Dan Coats Candidate returned to Indiana after a decade to run for U.S. Senate". courierpress.com.
  9. ↑ "AggieAdvocates Sen. Dan Coats (R-IN)". ucdavis.ucforcalifornia.org. March 22, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Senator Coons talks about faith and poverty". coons.senate.gov. March 9, 2011.
  11. ↑ Frank Bruni (October 11, 2010). "With O’Donnell as Foil, Democrat Plays It Safe". nytimes.com.
  12. ↑ "Robert Corker's Biography". http://votesmart.org/.
  13. ↑ "U.S. Senator Bob Corker". thepoliticalguide.com.
  14. ↑ "Senator's Biography Michael B. Enzi was sworn in as Wyoming's 20th United States Senator on January 7, 1997.". enzi.senate.gov. March 22, 2013.
  15. ↑ "Almanac Sen. Michael Enzi (R) Wyoming". nationaljournal.com. November 11, 1999.
  16. ↑ "Roll Call New Member Profiles: 113th Congress Deb Fischer, R-Nebraska Senate". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  17. ↑ Leslie Reed (April 22, 2012). "Fischer: Don't count me out". Omaha World-Herald.
  18. ↑ "NationalJournalAlmanac Oklahoma Sen. James Inhofe (R)". nationaljournal.com. March 22, 2013.
  19. ↑ United States Government Printing Office (October 17, 2005). Official Congressional Directory 2005-2006: 109th Congress. books.google.com. ISBN 9780160724671.
  20. ↑ Bruce Schreiner, Roger Alford; Associated Press (October 18, 2010). "Rand Paul, Jack Conway Senate race turns bitter over religious accusations". Christian Science Monitor.
  21. ↑ Steve Kornaki (May 17, 2010). "Will Rand Paul run for president in 2012?". salon.com.
  22. ↑ "Richard Craig Shelby (R)". washingtonpost.com. March 22, 2013.
  23. ↑ University of California, Santa Cruz (March 22, 2013). "Sen. Richard Shelby (R-AL)". ucforcalifornia.org.
  24. ↑ Matt Bai (March 12, 2006). "The Fallback". nytimes.com.
  25. ↑ "2008 Democratic Hopefuls OFF THE TRAIL - Mark Warner". cbsnews.com. March 22, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Missouri: Seventh District Rep. Roy Blunt (R)". nationaljournal.com. July 10, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Sen. Roy Blunt (R-Mo.)". rollcall.com. March 23, 2013.
  28. ↑ Dan Gilgoff (August 7, 2009). "Newark Mayor Cory Booker's Course on World Religions". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
  29. ↑ "John Boozman (R)". washingtonpost.com. March 22, 2013.
  30. ↑ James O'Bryan (March 22, 2013). "What Is John Boozman's Religion?". politicsdaily.com.
  31. ↑ "ThadCochran UNited States Senator for Mississippi Biography". cochran.senate.gov. March 22, 2013.
  32. ↑ Northwest Mississippi Community College (April 11, 2011). "Sen. Thad Cochran to headline Nursing Facility Dedication and Open House". northwestms.edu.
  33. ↑ Lisa Olson; Houston Chronicle (October 15, 2012). "Profile: A man of many contrasts, Ted Cruz defies easy stereotypes". chron.com.
  34. ↑ Elizabeth Hartfield (July 31, 2012). "Ted Cruz Wins In Texas GOP Senate Runoff". abcnews.go.com.
  35. ↑ "NationalJournal Sen. Lindsey Graham (R) South Carolina". nationaljournal.com. March 22, 2013.
  36. ↑ Rebecca Eidson; Tri-County Technical College (April 24, 2012). "Senator Lindsey Graham to Deliver Spring Commencement Address". tctc.edu.
  37. ↑ "Chuck Grassley of Iowa --- United States Senator". grassley.senate.gov. March 22, 2013.
  38. ↑ "Sen. Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  39. ↑ Jennifer Parker (September 17, 2013). "John (McCain) the Baptist?". abcnews.go.com.
  40. ↑ Sally Quinn (September 5, 2007). "McCain's Conversion: Political or Spiritual?". newsweek.washingtonpost.com.
  41. ↑ "Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Almanac Sen. Mitch McConnell (R) Kentucky". nationaljournal.com. November 9, 2013.
  43. ↑ "ISSUE STATEMENT : Family Values Protecting Family Values". wicker.senate.gov. March 22, 2013.
  44. ↑ Edwin Smith; University of Mississippi (April 12, 2012). "U.S. Sen. Roger Wicker to Deliver Commencement Address". olemiss.edu.
  45. ↑ "Richard M. Burr (R)". washingtonpost.com. June 30, 2004.
  46. ↑ Albert J. Menendez; United Methodist Church (January 6, 2009). "United Methodist members of 111th Congress". umc.org.
  47. ↑ "ABOUT JOHNNY Biography". isakson.senate.gov. March 23, 2013.
  48. ↑ Oglethorpe University (May 9, 2009). "OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY CITATION Johnny Isakson Doctor of Laws, honoris causa". oglethorpe.edu.
  49. ↑ "Jerry Moran (R)". washingtonpost.com. June 30, 2004.
  50. ↑ United Methodist Church (November 13, 2000). "News Archives United Methodist numbers increase in Congress". archives.umc.org.
  51. ↑ Ververs, Vaughn (June 16, 2008). "Potential VP Bios: Republicans". cbsnews.com.
  52. ↑ Jeff Zeleny (July 3, 2012). "Possible No. 2 to Romney Knows Ways of the Capital". nytimes.com.
  53. ↑ "Sen. Pat Roberts (R-Kan.)". rollcall.com. March 23, 2013.
  54. ↑ Albert J. Menendez (January 25, 2011). "GOP dominates church's congressional group". United Methodist Church.
  55. ↑ Phillip Rucker (June 3, 2009). "A Senator Who's Seen the Other Side". washingtonpost.com.
  56. ↑ United States Government Printing Office (March 23, 2013). "Congressional Directory ALABAMA". gpo.gov.
  57. ↑ Albert J. Menendez; United Methodist Church (November 27, 2012). "45 United Methodists in diverse Congress". umc.org.
  58. ↑ "Michigan Manual 2009-2010 SENATOR DEBBIE STABENOW". legislature.mi.gov. March 23, 2013.
  59. ↑ Katrina vanden Heuvel (July 20, 2010). "The Case For Elizabeth Warren". The Nation.
  60. ↑ Chris Moody (September 5, 2012). "Elizabeth Warren to DNC: The ‘system is rigged’ against you". news.yahoo.com.
  61. ↑ "New Member Profile: Sen.-Elect Sherrod Brown (D—Ohio)". nytimes.com. November 7, 2007.
  62. ↑ Stephen Koff (September 21, 2011). "Sherrod Brown says 'Happy Jewish New Year.' Josh Mandel says it shows he's worried.". cleveland.com.
  63. ↑ "Roll Call New Member Profiles: 113th Congress Martin Heinrich, D-N.M. (Senate)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  64. ↑ "Senator Martin T. Heinrich's Biography". votesmart.org. March 22, 2013.
  65. ↑ Larry Givins; Gannett Company (January 8, 2012). "Republican U.S. Senator Ron Johnson, of Oshkosh, carves niche as deficit hawk". thenorthwestern.com.
  66. ↑ Crop Science Society of America. "JUNIOR SENATOR/WISCONSIN Sen. Ron Johnson (R) Elected 2010; 1st term". crops.org.
  67. ↑ "Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  68. ↑ University of California, Los Angeles (March 22, 2013). "Sen. Jeff Merkley (D-OR) 1st term Democrat from Oregon.". /ucla.ucforcalifornia.org.
  69. ↑ "GOP's Tim Scott’s star rockets to the top". mcclatchydc.com. September 26, 2011.
  70. ↑ "Santorum Gains Support from Social Conservatives". Wall Street Journal. January 15, 2012.
  71. ↑ Colin Woodard (September 23, 2012). "The making of a man without a party The former governor's view of the world was shaped long before be ran for public office, and will likely continue to inform his choices.". Portland Press Herald.
  72. ↑ Alan Silverleib (February 15, 2013). "Independent's Day: King hopes to bridge divided D.C.". cnn.com.
  73. ↑ "Elections THE NEWLY ELECTED Florida Senate: Bill Nelson (D)". nationaljournal.com. November 8, 2000.
  74. ↑ "Potential VP Bios: Democrats". cbsnews.com/. 2008.
  75. ↑ "Sen. Gary Peters (D-Mich.)". RollCall.com. September 8, 2014.
  76. ↑ "Michigan Senate: Gary Peters (D)". nationaljournal.com/. 2014.
  77. ↑ "Senator Sheldon Whitehouse's Biography". votesmart.org. March 23, 2012.
  78. ↑ "Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.)". rollcall.com. March 23, 2012.
  79. ↑ "NationalJournalAlmanac Connecticut District 5 Rep. Chris Murphy (D)". nationaljournal.com. March 22, 2013.
  80. ↑ "Almanac CAMPAIGN 2006: THE NEWLY ELECTED Connecticut's 5th District: Chris Murphy (D)". nationaljournal.com. November 8, 2006.
  81. ↑ "Candidate Profile from Congressional Quarterly Jeanne Shaheen (D) of Madbury". cnn.com. 1996.
  82. ↑ Albert J. Menendez (2009). "111th Congress -- Religious Affiliations". arlinc.org.
  83. ↑ "John Randolph Thune (R)". washingtonpost.com. March 22, 2013.
  84. ↑ "John Thune Fast Facts". cnn.com. March 7, 2013.
  85. ↑ "Sen. Mark S. Kirk (R-Ill.)". rollcall.com. March 22, 2013.
  86. ↑ United States Government Printing Office; United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing (March 22, 2013). Official Congressional Directory: 110th Congress : 2007-2008. books.google.com. ISBN 9780160788796.
  87. ↑ United States Government Printing Office (March 22, 2013). "Congressional Directory for the 112th Congress (2011-2012), December 2011.". gpo.gov.
  88. ↑ Houston Chronicle (August 3, 2010). "Texas delegation in depth: John Cornyn". chron.com.
  89. ↑ "Texas: Junior Senator Sen. John Cornyn (R)". nationaljournal.com. June 22, 2005.
  90. ↑ "Sen.-Elect Jon Tester (D—Mont.)". nytimes.com. November 8, 2006.
  91. ↑ "Sen. Jon Tester (D-Mont.)". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  92. ↑ "Bill Cassidy". ballotpedia.org.
  93. ↑ "Sen. Kelly Ayotte (R-N.H.)". rollcall.com. March 21, 2013.
  94. ↑ "Amy Walter". abcnews.go.com. April 4, 2012.
  95. ↑ United States Congress Joint Committee on Printing (January 4, 2005). Official Congressional Directory, 2005-2006, 109th Congress, Convened January 4, 2005 (Clothbound). books.google.com.
  96. ↑ Steve Benen (February 28, 2009). "POLITICAL ANIMAL THIS WEEK IN GOD". washingtonmonthly.com.
  97. ↑ John M. Broder (August 8, 2008). "Casey, an Abortion Opponent, Praises Obama". nytimes.com.
  98. ↑ James O'Toole (September 10, 2006). "Casey says he's more than just the 'anti-Santorum'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  99. ↑ "AllPolitics is presenting the freshmen of the 105th Congress every day between now and January.". cnn.com. March 21, 2013.
  100. ↑ "Senator Susan M. Collins's Biography". votesmart.org. March 21, 2013.
  101. ↑ Scott Neuman (October 10, 2012). "Tale Of The Tape: Senate Showdown In Indiana". npr.org.
  102. ↑ "Joe Simon Donnelly (D)". washingtonpost.com. June 30, 2004.
  103. ↑ "Senator Richard 'Dick' J. Durbin's Biography". votesmart.org. March 21, 2013.
  104. ↑ Mike Dorning, Margaret Talev (February 8, 2012). "Obama Weighed Religious Politics in Contraceptives Decision". bloomberg.com.
  105. ↑ "Addresses of Legislators Listed in Order of District Number". buffalodiocese.org. March 21, 2013.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Gail Russell Chaddock (February 9, 2012). "Catholic furor over birth control rule turns Democrats on one another". The Christian Science Monitor.
  107. ↑ "Roll Call New Member Profiles: 113th Congress Heidi Heitkamp, D-N.D. (Senate)". rollcall.com. March 21, 2013.
  108. ↑ Laurie Goodstein (January 25, 2013). "In Fight Over Life, a New Call by Catholics". nytimes.com.
  109. ↑ "John Hoeven (R) - Washington Post". washingtonpost.com. March 21, 2013.
  110. ↑ Harry Bradford (November 2, 2010). "What Is John Hoeven's Religion?". politicsdaily.com.
  111. ↑ "ONE NATION: RELIGION & POLITICS Tim Kaine: Democrats and Religious Outreach". pbs.org. September 4, 2012.
  112. ↑ Timothy Dwyer (November 3, 2005). "For Kaine, a Faith in Service". washingtonpost.com.
  113. ↑ "On Politics VERMONT/U.S. Senate Patrick J. Leahy (D) Senior Senator from Vermont". washingtonpost.com. January 29, 2000.
  114. ↑ "Sen. Patrick Leahy (D) Vermont". nationaljournal.com. March 21, 2013.
  115. ↑ "Governor of the State of West Virginia - Joe Manchin III". westvirginia.statelawyers.com. March 21, 2013.
  116. ↑ "Sen. Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.)". rollcall.com.
  117. ↑ Noah Bierman (April 21, 2013). "A drive that stunned Markey’s family, and never ebbed Representative came in as a rebel, then rose". bostonglobe.com.
  118. ↑ Doris Weatherford (March 21, 2013). Women in American Politics: History and Milestones, Volume 1. books.google.com. ISBN 9781608710072.
  119. ↑ "Sen. Claire McCaskill (D) Missouri". nationaljournal.com. March 21, 2013.
  120. ↑ "Senator Robert 'Bob' Menendez's Biography". votesmart.org. March 21, 2013.
  121. ↑ "Sen. Robert Menendez (D-N.J.)". rollcall.com. March 21, 2013.
  122. ↑ United States Government Printing Office. "Barbara A. Mikulski U.S. SENATOR FROM MARYLAND TRIBUTES IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES". gpo.gov.
  123. ↑ "Senator Barbara A. Mikulski's Voting Records". votesmart.org. March 21, 2013.
  124. ↑ [://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/15841/lisa-murkowski#.UU7RORyTgV0 "Senator Lisa A. Murkowski's Biography"]. votesmart.org. March 24, 2013.
  125. ↑ "Alaska U.S. Senate candidates answer questions about abortion, immigration, ‘gay marriage’ and capital punishment". catholicanchor.org. October 30, 2010.
  126. ↑ Chris McGann, Claudia Rose (July 19, 2004). "Archbishop warns Catholic politicians on abortion". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
  127. ↑ Nancy Frazier O'Brien (November 11, 2004). "At 29 percent of 109th Congress, Catholics remain largest faith group". Catholic News Service.
  128. ↑ G. Wayne Miller (March 21, 2013). "A Humble Path to Power". reed.senate.gov.
  129. ↑ "Sen. Jack Reed (D-R.I.)". rollcall.com. March 21, 2013.
  130. ↑ Carolyn LaDelle Bennett (May 12, 2010). Same Ole Or Something New: Uprooting Power ENTRENCHMENT. books.google.com. ISBN 9781450086905.
  131. ↑ Albert J. Menendez (2011). "112th Congress -- Religious Affiliations". arlinc.org.
  132. ↑ Mark Oppenheimer (November 26, 2010). "Marco Rubio: Catholic or Protestant?". nytimes.com.
  133. ↑ Chris Moody (June 19, 2012). "Whether Mormon, Catholic or Protestant, faith a major theme in Rubio memoir". abcnews.go.com.
  134. ↑ "Senator Patrick 'Pat' J. Toomey's Biography". votesmart.org. March 21, 2013.
  135. ↑ "Pennsylvania Catholic Conference Interview with U.S. Senate Candidate Pat Toomey- July 13, 2010". pacatholic.org. July 13, 2010.
  136. ↑ "THE ALMANAC OF AMERICAN POLITICS Sen. David Vitter (R-LA)". nationaljournal.com. March 21, 2013.
  137. ↑ "Louisiana David Bruce Vitter Senate". washingtontimes.com. March 21, 2013.
  138. ↑ "Sen. Mike Crapo (R) Idaho". nationaljournal.com. March 24, 2013.
  139. ↑ Cameron Joseph (July 23, 2012). "Mormons on cusp of new powerful era". thehill.com.
  140. ↑ "Arizona, Senate Jeff Flake (R)". nationaljournal.com. November 7, 2012.
  141. ↑ David Wagner; The Arizona Republic (November 8, 2012). "Profile: Arizona Sen.-elect Jeff Flake". usatoday.com.
  142. ↑ Manu Raju (August 28, 2012). "Orrin Hatch: No need for Mitt Romney to talk Mormonism". politico.com.
  143. ↑ Morgan Little (April 5, 2012). "Sen. Hatch predicts Obama campaign to 'throw Mormon church' at Romney". latimes.com.
  144. ↑ Peter Hambly (July 3, 2012). "Mormon influence in Nevada fading, but still a factor". cnn.com.
  145. ↑ Norimitsu Onishi (October 27, 2012). "In Nevada Senate Race, Ethics Inquiry Looms Large". nytimes.com.
  146. ↑ "Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah)". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  147. ↑ Cameron Joseph (June 12, 2012). "Sen. Mike Lee: Mormons have 'added dose of a belief in American exceptionalism'". thehill.com.
  148. ↑ Kevin Robbilard (September 25, 2012). "Harry Reid attacks Mitt Romney’s Mormonism". politico.com.
  149. ↑ Dan Gilgoff (May 12, 2012). "With or without Romney, D.C. a surprising Mormon stronghold". cnn.com.
  150. ↑ Patrick O'Driscoll (December 7, 2007). "Udall family is latest political dynasty". abcnews.go.com.
  151. ↑ Kate Nash (November 29, 2007). "Ten things to know about Senate hopeful Rep. Tom Udall". The Albuquerque Tribune.
  152. ↑ David Plotz (September 15, 2000). "Richard Blumenthal He was supposed to be president. So why is he only Connecticut's attorney general?". slate.com.
  153. ↑ Nick Baumann (January 7, 2010). "Why Richard Blumenthal is Popular". motherjones.com.
  154. ↑ "California: Junior Senator Sen. Barbara Boxer (D)". nationaljournal.com. June 22, 2005.
  155. ↑ E. Paula Hyman, Deborah Dash Moore; American Jewish Historical Society (November 5, 1997). Jewish women in America. 1. A - L. books.google.com. ISBN 9780415919340.
  156. ↑ "NationalJournalAlmanac Maryland Sen. Ben Cardin (D)". nationaljournal.com. March 24, 2013.
  157. ↑ "Senator Benjamin 'Ben' L. Cardin's Biography". votesmart.org. March 24, 2013.
  158. ↑ "Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.)". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  159. ↑ Carolyn Lochhead (October 22, 2012). "Dianne Feinstein: 4 decades of influence". sfgate.com.
  160. ↑ Jay Weiner (July 6, 2010). "Tuesday, Franken's hand will be on Wellstone Bible, his thoughts likely on the many Minnesotans he's met". minnpost.com.
  161. ↑ Jilian Fama (December 11, 2012). "Jewish Representation in Congress Declines". abcnews.go.com.
  162. ↑ "SENATOR BERNIE SANDERS United States Senator for Vermont". sanders.senate.gov. March 24, 2013.
  163. ↑ Michael Powell (November 5, 2006). "Exceedingly Social, But Doesn't Like Parties". washingtonpost.com.
  164. ↑ Sean Sullivan (December 27, 2012). "Who is Brian Schatz?". washingtonpost.com.
  165. ↑ Seung Min Kim. "Why Neil Abercrombie bucked Daniel Inouye pick". politico.com.
  166. ↑ Jqanette Friedman (March 24, 2013). "What Is Charles Schumer's Religion?". politicsdaily.com.
  167. ↑ Jennifer Senior (November 8, 2004). "See Chuck Run. And Run. And Run. And Run. But where is he going?". nymag.com.
  168. ↑ "Senator Ron Wyden's Biography". votesmart.org. March 24, 2013.
  169. ↑ Shelley M. Buxbaum, Sara E. Karesh (November 2002). Jewish Faith in America Prominent Jewish Politicians. books.google.com. ISBN 9781438102559.
  170. ↑ Yoree Koh (November 6, 2012). "Hirono Becomes First U.S. Senator Born in Japan". Wall Street Journal.
  171. ↑ Elizabeth Tenety (January 3, 2013). "In 113th Congress: First Hindu, first Buddhist in Senate, and (maybe) first ‘none’". washingtonpost.com.
  172. ↑ Mark Oppenheimer (November 9, 2012). "Politicians Who Reject Labels Based on Religion". nytimes.com.
  173. ↑ "BIO: Who Is Tammy Baldwin?". foxnewsinsider.com. November 6, 2012.
  174. ↑ Doug Erickson (November 20, 2012). "In the Spirit: When it comes to religious affiliation, Baldwin, Pocan 'unspecified'". Wisconsin State Journal.
  175. ↑ "Sen. Michael Bennet (D-Colo.)". rollcall.com. March 24, 2013.
  176. ↑ "Sen. Michael Bennet (D) Colorado". nationaljournal.com. March 24, 2013.
  177. ↑ Kurt F. Stone (December 29, 2010). The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members. books.google.com. ISBN 9780810877382.
  178. ↑ The Pew Forum - “Nones” on the Rise

Notes

External links