Regiment of Presidential Security

The Regiment of Presidential Security (French: Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, RSP) is the secret service organisation responsible for VIP security to the President of Burkina Faso, a small landlocked country in West Africa. It is autonomous from the Army. Until 31 October 2014, the President was Blaise Compaoré, a military officer who came to power in a 1987 coup d'état. The elite unit is well known for its frequent involvement in the politics of Burkina Faso, acting as the iron fist of President Compaoré in his domination of the country. They are said to be widely feared by many people in the country,[1] which in 2012 – two years prior to the end of Compaoré's government – was described by the Democracy Index as an "authoritarian regime".[2]

Since 1 November 2014, Lieutenant Colonel Yacouba Isaac Zida – deputy commander of the Regiment of Presidential Security – has served as the country's Acting President.

History

Rising to prominence after Captain Compaoré seized power in a bloody 1987 military coup, it was involved in several extrajudicial killings on orders of President Compaoré during the 1990s, functioning as a death squad as well as a bodyguard. In 1990, the medical student and youth activist David Boukary was tortured to death by the RSP.[3] In 1998, David Ouedraogo – the driver of the President's brother François Compaoré – was murdered, which triggered an investigation by the journalist Norbert Zongo, the most prominent government critic in the country at the time. On 13 December 1998 the burnt bodies of Zongo, his brother Ernest, Ablassé Nikiema and Blaise Ilboudo were found in Sapouy, riddled with bullets. Initially dismissing the murders as a "tragic accident", the government was eventually forced by public pressure to appoint an investigation.

The Independent Commission of Inquiry found that Ouedraogo had been tortured to death by soldiers of the Regiment of Presidential Security in their barracks because of accusations that he had stolen from the President's brother, and that Norbert Zongo and the other three had been likewise killed by the RSP.[4] Compaoré subsequently promised a reorganization of the RSP, and several of its soldiers were arrested, among them Marcel Kafando who was the unit's commander at the time of the murders. By 2006, however, all had been acquitted or had their charges dropped.[5]

Not only functioning as Compaoré's enforcers, members of the RSP have at least twice been accused of involvement in attempts to seize power. In October 1996 twenty-five RSP soldiers were arrested, and together with the Regiment's commander – Hyacinthe Kafando (no relation to Marcel Kafando, his successor), who was abroad at the time – they were put on trial for plotting to launch a coup d'état, possibly with Ivorian involvement.[6] Kafando, who had been involved in Compaoré's own 1987 military coup (which likewise had help from the Ivorian government at the time), was allowed to return to Burkina Faso from his exile in 2001.[7] In October 2003 the government announced that it had successfully prevented a planned coup. In early January 2004 fifteen members of the armed forces, including several members of the Regiment of Presidential Security, were arrested together with two civilians on suspicion of involvement in an alleged conspiracy.[8]

The Regiment of Presidential Security had a prominent role in quelling the 2011 Burkinabé protests, which erupted in February and continued until a settlement was reached in June. In addition to large-scale street protests and labour strikes, the uprising involved numerous cases of mutinies among the armed forces. The RSP was instrumental in putting down these mutinies, for example laying siege on a military base in Bobo-Dioulasso in June and battling with rebellious troops there.[9][10] These events caused frictions between the Army and the Regiment, one feared by Compaoré and the other trusted. As a result of their role in the protests the RSP received far better weaponry than the rest of the military, in addition to being better paid.[11]

On 11 April 2012 a deserted soldier from the Regiment, Romuald Tuina, robbed a Ouagadougou bank in broad daylight, carrying off with more than seven million CFA francs and fleeing to Ivory Coast. On the night of 30–31 August 2013, Tuina – having returned to Burkina Faso – attempted to assassinate Compaoré, opening fire on the President's office after breaking into the presidential palace dressed in a military uniform. He was killed in the following exchange of gunfire.[12][13]

After 27 years of rule, President Blaise Compaoré attempted to remove the constitutional limit on presidential turns, allowing him to run again in the 2015 election. This triggered the 2014 Burkinabé uprising in late October, which saw tens of thousands of protesters march against the regime. The Regiment of Presidential Security initially joined the fray on the President's side, firing live rounds and tear gas when protesters marched on the presidential palace,[14] and killing at least three protesters who tried to storm the home of the President's brother, Francis Compaoré.[15]

On 31 October, President Blaise Compaoré resigned from the presidency and fled the country. In the wake of this General Honoré Traoré, the army chief, gave claim to lead a transitional military government as President. Traoré was however rejected by many protesters as a close ally of Compaoré, and within short Lieutenant Colonel Yacouba Isaac Zida also gave claim to the position. Zida, the second in command of the Regiment of Presidential Security, called for a peaceful transition, stating that he would "assume the duties of head of this transition and head of state to guarantee the continuity of the state."[16] Zida's claim was subsequently recognized by the Army, the leaders of which announced that Zida had been "chosen unanimously to lead the transition period".[17]

While some opposition groups, like Le Balai Citoyen, immediately supported Zida,[18] protests against the military takeover ensued soon afterwards. Over the following days Zida met with various political leaders and societal figures, attempting to negotiate a solution to the crisis and create a national unity government. Various international organizations soon began imposing demands on a handover of power to civilian forces.[19][20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Francis, Dana J. (2007). Explaining Democratic Differences in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger. Ann Arbor: ProQuest. p. 139. ISBN 054-971-489-8.
  2. ↑ "Democracy index 2012: Democracy at a standstill". Economist Intelligence Unit. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  3. ↑ Manji, Firoze; Ekine, Sokari, eds. (2012). African Awakening: The Emerging Revolutions. Fahamu Books and Pambazuka Press. p. 133. ISBN 085-749-021-4.
  4. ↑ Wise, Christopher, ed. (2001). The Desert Shore: Literatures of the Sahel, Volume 3. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 157. ISBN 089-410-867-0.
  5. ↑ Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa; Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 69. ISBN 081-088-010-5.
  6. ↑ Africa South of the Sahara 2003. London: Psychology Press. 2002. p. 105. ISBN 185-743-131-6.
  7. ↑ Barry, Alpha (17 April 2001). "Blaise Compaoré donne des gages de réconciliation". Radio France Internationale (in French) (Paris). Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  8. ↑ Europa World Year, Volume 1. London: Taylor & Francis. 2004. p. 923. ISBN 185-743-254-1.
  9. ↑ "Burkina's presidential guard attacks mutineers". Modern Ghana (Ghana). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  10. ↑ "Burkina presidential guard fire on mutineers". Radio France Internationale (Paris). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  11. ↑ "Two days, three leaders and a tricky transition for Burkina Faso". France 24 (Paris). 1 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  12. ↑ Adams, Issaka (3 September 2013). "Blaise Compaore Assassination: Burkina Faso President Survives Deadly Assassination Attempt". National Turk (Turkey). Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  13. ↑ Mehler, Andreas; Melber, Henning; van Walraven, Klaas, eds. (2014). Africa Yearbook Volume 10: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2013. Leiden: Brill Publishers. p. 63. ISBN 900-428-264-5.
  14. ↑ "Burkina Faso protesters set fire to parliament". The Telegraph (London). 30 October 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  15. ↑ Patinkin, Jason (30 October 2014). "Could Burkina Faso protests signal end of president's 27-year rule?". The Christian Science Monitor (Boston). Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  16. ↑ "Burkina Faso crisis: Col Isaac Zida claims presidential powers". British Broadcasting Corporation (London). 1 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  17. ↑ "Burkina Faso: Col Issac Zida named as transitional leader". British Broadcasting Corporation (London). 1 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  18. ↑ "Si je restais, je serais un cadavre". British Broadcasting Corporation (in French) (London). 2 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  19. ↑ "African Union gives Burkina Faso two weeks to end military rule". France 24 (Paris). 3 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  20. ↑ "Burkina Faso transition talks move forward". Daily Mail (London). 9 November 2014. Retrieved 9 November 2014.