Reactions to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict

Reactions to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict came from many countries and international organizations around the world.

The United States and Canada were supportive of Israel[1] and critical of Hamas. The BRICS countries called for restraint on both sides and a return to peace talks based on the Arab Peace Initiative. The European Union condemned the violations of the laws of war by both sides, while stressing the "unsustainable nature of the status quo", and calling for a settlement based on the two-state solution. The Non-Aligned Movement, the Arab League, and most Latin American countries were critical of Israel, with some countries in the latter group withdrawing their ambassadors from Israel in protest. South Africa called for restraint by both sides and an end to "collective punishment of Palestinians".

There were many large pro-Palestine and pro-Israel demonstrations throughout the world. There were demonstrations within Israel and the Palestinian territories. According to OCHA, 23 Palestinians were killed and 2,218 were wounded by the IDF, 38% of the latter by live fire.[2][3][4]

There were concerns about rising anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic violence concurrent to, and in many cases, directly related to the conflict.[5] The UN Secretary-General and many European leaders condemned acts of anti-Semitism.

The United Nations Human Rights Council announced a panel headed by William Schabas to investigate accusations of war crimes by both sides. Major human rights organizations like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned human rights violations by both sides and called for an arms embargo on the region.

Commercial airlines in several countries banned flights to Israel because of safety concerns. Most if not all of the restrictions were later lifted.

After the 26 August ceasefire, the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research conducted the poll in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. 79% of respondents said that Hamas had won the war and 61% said that they would pick Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh as the Palestinian president, up from 41% before the war.[6]

Official reactions

Supranational bodies

States

Involved parties

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry and Benjamin Netanyahu, Tel Aviv, 23 July 2014

International

On 11 July, the Foreign Ministry then criticised the IDF operation in Gaza as "oppressive policies of mass punishment. Egypt rejects the irresponsible Israeli escalation in the occupied Palestinian territory, which comes in the form of excessive and unnecessary use of military force leading to the death of innocent civilians." It also demanded Israel adopt self-restraint and to keep in mind that being an "occupation force", it has a legal and moral duty to protect civilian lives.[58] The Egyptian government urged world powers to intervene and stop the crisis when it stated that its ceasefire efforts have been met with "obstinacy and stubbornness".[59] The same day, Egypt informed authorities in Gaza that it closed the Rafah Border Crossing[60] after re-opening it the previous day to receive injured Palestinians for medical treatment in Egyptian hospitals.[61] This comes after Egyptian forces seized 20 Grad rockets being smuggled from Gaza to Sinai after clashing with militants in Rafah, Egypt.[62] However, shortly after the closure, President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ordered the Egyptian military to transport 500 tons of aid, which comprises food and medical supplies, to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. A statement was also released by the military saying that Egypt is pursuing its efforts to "stop the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip" under the president's supervision.[63][64]

Others

Demonstrations and protests

Pro-Palestinian

Pro-Palestinian demonstration in Hanover, Germany to show solidarity for Gaza
Pro-Palestinian demonstration in Casablanca, Morocco, 27 July 2014
Pro-Palestinian protest in Brisbane, Australia, 1 August 2014

Protests have been organized by pro-Palestinian groups in several countries to protest the ongoing Israeli attacks in the Gaza strip and what they regard to be "atrocities" and "massacres" committed in Gaza. 45,000 people demonstrated in London,[180] 20,000 in Santiago,[181] about 5,000 in Paris,[182] 3,000 in Oslo, hundreds in Caracas, Venezuela, and around 2,000 in Tunis.[183] Protests were also planned in Amman, the UN in Geneva, and Kashmir.[184] In Ireland, 3,000 people demonstrated in Dublin. Demonstrations also took place in Derry, Galway, Cork and Limerick.[185] In the United States, demonstrations have taken place in Los Angeles and New York.[186][187] In Cape Town, South Africa approximately 4,000 people protested in support of the Palestinians on 16 July.[188] In Paris, France, on 13 July, around 10,000 people protested the Israeli operation. Dozens of protesters tried to force their way into a synagogue with around a 150 people inside, attempting to enter it armed with bats and chairs, and chanting "Death to Jews" and ultimately clashed with Parisian police who blocked them from entering.[189] The city's government banned pro-Palestinian protests after two synagogues were attacked on 13 July. On 19 July, Parisian protesters clashed with riot police in a working-class neighborhood.[190] In Frankfurt, Germany, Neo-Nazis and Islamists clashed with police, resulting in 8 police officers being injured. Signs held by these groups read as things such as "You Jews are Beasts". After the clash, the groups looked for Jewish institutions, and Frankfurt police said they were going to protect these institutions.[191] Demonstrations in solidarity with Gaza took part or were scheduled in all regions of Spain, from Bilbao in the Basque Country to Santiago de Compostela in Galicia to Barcelona in Catalonia and in the Canary Islands. On 14 July some 500 people of different nationalities filled the area near the Israeli Embassy in Madrid, the capital, in a demonstration. The protesters chanted, "Long live the struggle of the Palestinian people!" and "You Zionists are the terrorists!"[192] Some 150–200 participants joined a demonstration organised by the association of Palestinians living in Hungary against Israel's operations in the Gaza Strip. The demonstration called for stopping the "terrorist bombing" of Gaza by Israel and for "Palestine's freedom."[193] One teenager aged 15–16 years old was killed in Khudwani, a village south of Srinagar, Indian Administrated Kashmir when Government forces fired on a pro-Palestinian rally. Kashmiris have held widespread pro-Palestinian protesters every day since the start of the conflict.[194] On 17 July, demonstrations were held in different cities in solidarity with Gazan civilians, while protestors burned Israeli flags.[195] A Pro-Palestinian protest was held in Pretoria, South Africa, demonstrator called for the freedom of Palestine.[196] There were 134 demonstrations against the war in the first fifteen days of the conflict in the United States.[197] In August 2014, the Port of Oakland was the scene of a protest against an Israeli-owned ship.[198] Palestinian demonstrators claimed to have the support of the port's International Longshore and Warehouse Union dockworkers who they said had refused to unload the ship's cargo. The union however denied this saying the ILWU had not taken a position on the conflict. The demonstration which involved a heavy police presence, initially comprising more than 100 police officers, prevented the ship's cargo being unloaded for four days.[199]

2014 Quds Day

Quds Day 2014 in Berlin

On 25 July 2014, International Quds Day, million peoples around the world called for the liberation of Palestine and an end to the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories. Pro-Palestinian demonstrators, marched in streets of Afghanistan[200] Argentina,[201] Azerbaijan,[202]Germany[203] Iran[204] Lebanon[205] Australia[206] South Africa[207] Pakistan[208][209] India[210] Iraq[211] Bahrain[212] Belgium[213] England[214] West Bank[215] Canada[216] Jordan[217] Egypt[218] Singapore[219] Syria[220] Tunisia[219] Turkey[221] Yemen[222] Saudi Arabia[223] South Korea[224][219] Kenya[225] New Zealand[219] Nigeria (12 people killed)[226][227] Sudan[228] Algeria[228]Bangladesh[229] Kyrgyzstan[230] United States of America[231]United Kingdom,[232] Tanzania,[149] Hong Kong,[233] Taiwan,[234][235] Japan,[236] Singapore[237]

The Quds day marching had been banned in France.[238][239] Despite the ban, pro-Palestinian protest still took place in Paris and other French cities.[232]

Some twenty-five Nigerian demonstrators were gunned down by security forces during the Quds Day rally in the ancient city of Zaria, in Nigeria’s Kaduna State.[240][241][242]

Day of Rage

On 9 August 2014, Global Day of Rage [243] Tens of thousands of people marched across different cities of the world to protest the Israel's offensive against Gaza and demanded a firmer position by the international community against the violence.[244] According to Palestinian Solidarity Campaign, 150,000 people marched through London, shouting Anti-Israel Slogans and calling for "end to the siege". Demonstrators first marched to BBC's headquarter to denounce what they called Pro-Israeli Bias. They Packed the main shopping artery of Oxford Street , marching to the US embassy and on to Hyde Park. They held up the banner which said “UK — Stop Arming Israel”.[245] In Paris, several thousand people took part in the march to, calling for end to the Israeli aggression. They carried banners condemning the violence. Some protesters carried mannequins wrapped in Palestinian flag, depicting Palestinian deaths.[245] In Berlin 1000 people took part in two rallies, which ended in central square.[244] In Tehran hundred of Doctors, Nurses and paramedics gathered in "Palestine Square" offered to volunteer in gaza.[244] In New Delhi, Protest was organized by 70 political and social groups on the theme of “Stop The Genocide in Gaza! Boycott Israel!” Protestors demanded that the international community, including India should “boycott Israel till the time it continues the illegal occupation of Palestine”.[243] In Melbourne Protesters marched down the Swanston Street and gather in front of Department of Foreign Affairs building. Protesters called for end to Israeli Blockade of Gaza. They also called on the Australian cut all ties with Israel, release of Palestinian political prisoners and the end to Israel's occupation of the West Bank & East Jerusalem. Protesters urged the UN to convene a special general assembly to condemn the Israeli aggression and demand the country to abide by the International laws, Agreements and Conventions[246] At least 100,000 held a pro-Palestine march called by the National Coalition for Palestine in Cape Town on 9 August.[247][248]

Pro-Israel

Pro-Israel demonstration in Helsinki, Finland
Pro-Israel demonstration in Cape Town, South Africa

Pro-Israel rallies have been held in Argentina, Canada, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico, Russia, Uruguay and the United States. On 10 July 200 people voiced support for Israel at the Rockland County Courthouse.[249] On 11 July, In Philadelphia, Israel supporters rallied outside the Israeli consulate.[250] A plethora of Hollywood's actors, producers, directors and other entertainment professionals signed a statement in opposition to Hamas.[251] A pro-Israel rally of more than 1,200 supporters in Los Angeles resulted in physical violence after its protesters ripped a Palestinian flag away from a passing vehicle and began stomping on it.[187] On 13 July, participants of a pro-Israel rally attacked a passing car which was flying Palestinian flags in Westwood, California. A police officer fired a shot to intervene in the situation.[252] On 14 July, over two dozen elected officials rallied at New York City Hall in support of Israel.[186] On 17 July over 1,200 supporters of Israel attended their demonstration at a local Synagogue in the Greater Toronto area.[253] Around 5,000 people attended a 20 July pro-Israel rally in New York City, while a smaller counter-protest was held nearby. Both rallies were held without incident.[254] On 27 July, supporters of Israel marched through the streets of Mexico's capital, Mexico City to show their solidarity with Israel, asking for peace and condemning Hamas' rocket fire into Israeli cities.[255] On 3 August 2014, 3000 people participated in The Bay Stands With Israel solidarity rally in downtown San Francisco, after which approximately 1,200 demonstrators marched under police escort. Signed carried by the protestors included "Israel is the only country in the Middle East where they don’t burn American flags" and "More Hummus, Less Hamas."[256] On 10 August, up to 600 people including several MPs marked their support for Israel in a demonstration outside the Norwegian Parliament in Oslo.[257][258] A pro-Israel rally was held at the South African Jewish Museum in Cape Town on 10 August.[259] The rally was attended by some 5,000 people.[260] In Budapest some 4,500 people attended the interfaith rally in support of Israel, while a smaller counter demonstration was held near the synagogue building by the far-right Hungarian Jobbik political party.[261] In Paris, the pro-Israeli rally was attended by some 8,000 people who gathered near Israel’s embassy in Paris’ [262] while similar demonstration in Marseilles gathered some 2,000 participants.[263] In London some 5,000 people turned out to show solidarity with Israel [264] In Helsinki, the pro-Israeli rally was attended by some 1,000 participants [265] Pro-Israeli rallies were held in Australia too, in Sydney some 10,000 people participated. Pro-Israeli rally were also held in Brisbane. In Brazil, some 2,500 people gathered in at the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro, to support Israel, another pro-Israel rally in Brazil took place in Sao Paulo, where some 3,000 people marched. Hundreds of Israeli supporters also marched in Guatemala City.In the city of Gori in Georgia, a support rally of Israel was organized, with children painting their faces with the Israeli flag [266] Another pro-Israeli rally was held in Tokyo Japan [267] On 16 August 2014 in Kolkata, India 20,000 demonstrators from the Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist communities held the biggest pro-Israel rally so far with many Indian political activists proclaiming Israel's rights to defend itself.[268]

Civic reaction within Israel

Reaction among the (non-Arab) Israeli population has been strongly supportive of the military action in Gaza.[269] In Sderot, Israelis gathered on the hillside to watch and cheer Israeli military strikes in nearby Gaza.[270]

War crimes accusations

As the scale of Operation Protective Edge expanded, civilian casualties mounted and accusations of war crimes were levelled from different quarters. On 19 July, Nabil el-Araby, the head of the Cairo-based Arab League, accused Israel of perpetrating "war crimes" against Palestinians.[271] On the following day, U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned the Palestinian civilian casualties caused by the Israeli military, stating: "I condemn this atrocious action. Israel must exercise maximum restraint and do far more to protect civilians."[272] Accusations of Israel of war crimes were voiced in the U.K. by "several MPs including a former Cabinet minister".[273]

On 21 July, Navi Pillay, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, criticized Israel's military operation stating that there was "a strong possibility that international law has been violated, in a manner that could amount to war crimes". She also criticized Hamas for "indiscriminate attacks" on Israel.[274]

Hamas has been accused by the Israel Democracy Institute for committing war crimes by firing rockets at unprotected civilians. Hamas is believed to have breached international law as a result of their attacks.[275] The human rights advocacy group B'Tselem has argued that both Palestinian rocket fire and Israeli targeting the homes of militia members, could constitute war crimes and be violating international law.[276][277] The international organization Human Rights Watch described Hamas's deliberate targeting of Israeli civilians as war crimes in a 9 July statement and also called Israel's attacks on civilian structures as "unlawful under the laws of war" and "collective punishment".[278][279] Amnesty International said that "UN must impose arms embargo on Israel/Gaza and mandate an international investigation".[280]

On 23 July the United Nations Human Rights Council announced it is opening an investigation into the accusations of war crimes.[281]

International diplomacy

Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, El Salvador and Chile recalled their ambassadors from Tel Aviv as a reaction to Israel's offensive. Brazil and Chile also suspended trade talks with Israel.[282][283][284]

Spain decided to freeze arms and military technology exports to Israel, stopping sales of defense and dual-use materiel. Britain was reported to be reviewing its arms sales to Israel.[285][286][287][288]

Cyber attacks

In response to Israeli attacks on Gaza,[289] pro-Palestinian hackers have carried out cyber-attacks on Israeli commercial,[290][291] government,[292] aviation and banking websites.[290] Anonymous's 'OpIsrael' defaced or took down more than 1,000 Israeli websites, including Israeli government web domains[293][294] such as those of Mossad, the Tel Aviv Police Department and the Israeli Ministry of Defense.[295] Hackers claimed to have published over 170 emails and passwords of Israeli officials in an attack on 21 July. A report by Arbor Networks showed a direct correlation between cyber attacks and the intensity of the conflict.[296] Iranian[297] and Chinese[298] hackers were blamed for some of the attacks.[299][300]

In some instances, Israeli security forces have responded to attacks with 'counter hacks'[301] targeting Hamas websites.[302] Pro-Israeli hackers called the Israeli Elite Force published what were said to be 45,000 usernames and passwords of government officials at the Gaza Ministry of Health.[303]

Rise in antisemitism

A number of pro-Palestinian protests in Europe have turned to violence against the local Jewish communities. In a number of instances the demonstrators called for the death of Jews and attacked Jews and Jewish-owned property. These actions raised concerns over antisemitism and the safety of Jews in European countries.[304][305][306] Similar concerns over antisemitism were raised following protests in other countries as well.[307][308][309]

During a rally in the capital of Belgium’s Flemish region one of the speakers were reported to have used a loudspeaker to chant in Arabic “slaughter the Jews."[310] In Casablanca, a local Moroccan rabbi was beaten until he was unconscious.[311] Rome's historic Jewish quarter was vandalized with swastikas and antisemitic graffiti.[312]

Police in England have recorded more than 100 antisemitic hate crimes since the start of the Gaza conflict. In Toulouse, France, a man was arrested by local police for throwing fire-bombs at a Jewish community center. The fire-bombs failed to ignite.[313] In Malmo, Sweden, a rabbi and a member of his congregation were assaulted at different times on the same day.[314][315] Antisemitic attacks occurred in Sydney, Perth and Melbourne as well. Teenagers harassed Jewish schoolchildren on a Sydney bus, a Jewish school was vandalized in Perth and a Jewish man was beaten in a street attack in Melbourne.[316]

In South Africa, the South African Jewish Board of Deputies has laid criminal charges of hate speech and incitment of violence against the South African Jewish community as well as complaints at the South African Human Rights Commission against the regional secretary of the Western Cape region of COSATU, Tony Ehrenreich, over comments he made on social media that included the statement "The time has come to say very clearly that if a woman or child is killed in Gaza, then the Jewish board of deputies, who are complicit, will feel the wrath of the people of SA with the age old biblical teaching of an eye for an eye. The time has come for the conflict to be waged everywhere the Zionist supporters fund and condone the war killing machine of Israel".[317][318][319]

Attacks on synagogues

A number of synagogues have been targeted by pro-Palestinian protesters. Following a demonstration in Paris, protesters attempted to break into nearby synagogues. Six police officers and two Jewish residents were injured during the scuffle.[320] In Wuppertal, Germany, a synagogue was firebombed.[312] In Belfast, Northern Ireland, bricks were thrown through the windows of a local synagogue on two successive nights.[313] A synagogue was vandalized in Malmo, Sweden.[314][315] And a synagogue in Miami, Florida, was vandalized with graffiti; swastikas and the word "Hamas" were painted on the building.[321][322] On 29 August, it was reported that French police uncovered a plot by two teenage Muslim girls, aged 15 and 17, to suicide bomb the Great Synagogue of Lyon, in Lyon, France. They were indicted on 22 August on charges of conspiracy to commit terrorism.[323]

Reaction of world leaders

UN chief Ban Ki-moon condemned the rise of antisemitism in a published statement, declaring that the conflict in the Middle East must not be used as a pretext for prejudice affecting social peace.[324] The foreign ministers of France (Laurent Fabius), Germany (Frank-Walter Steinmeier) and Italy (Federica Mogherini) condemned antisemitic attacks and protests in a joint statement, saying "antisemitic rhetoric and hostility against Jews, attacks on people of Jewish belief and synagogues have no place in our societies." French president François Hollande declared that fighting antisemitism would be a "national cause".[325] A spokesman for German Chancellor Angela Merkel stated that the Chancellor “sharply condemns the flare-up of violence and the antisemitic utterances” as “an attack on freedom and tolerance and an attempt to undermine our free democratic order. This is something we can’t and won’t accept.”[326]

Holocaust survivors

Many Holocaust survivors were among the elderly in Israel who donated money to help IDF soldiers in Gaza, totaling over 100,000 shekels, saying "It's the least we can do". Some individuals compared helping the IDF soldiers in Gaza to helping allied soldiers during WWII, with one of them saying "Now we must contribute to soldiers that are protecting us. My husband was a pilot, he fought for four years during the war and was seriously wounded. For me, donating is not a mitzva but rather a duty." and another saying "I served as an officer and a military doctor in the Red Army in the Soviet Union. It's the least we can do in this difficult atmosphere of war. As long as there's a continued threat to Israel's existence, we must all pitch in order to protect it."[327][328]

Other Holocaust survivors both inside and outside of Israel are concerned and shocked about the rising amount of anti-Semitism manifesting itself as anti-Israel criticism, with one of them saying "It's ok not to agree with the Israeli government, like lots of people do over here. But if they are yelling 'kill all Jews' during protests, you haven't learned anything from the past." and another saying "I am deeply worried about the future of my children and grandchildren. Most of the elderly people are afraid. Everybody hates us. We are being surrounded by danger."[329]

Nobel laureate Elie Wiesel said Hamas must stop using children as human shields, adding "Do the two cultures that brought us the Psalms of David and the rich libraries of the Ottoman Empire not share a love of life, of transmitting wisdom and opportunity to their children? And is any of this discernible in the dark future offered by Hamas to Arab children, to be suicide bombers or human shields for rockets? Palestinian parents want a hopeful future for their children, just like Israeli parents do. And both should be joining together in peace."[330]

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