Rare earth mineral

A rare earth mineral is a mineral which contains one or more rare earth elements as major metal constituents. Rare earth minerals are usually found in association with alkaline to peralkaline igneous complexes, in pegmatites associated with alkaline magmas and in or associated with carbonatite intrusives. Perovskite mineral phases are common hosts to rare earth elements within the alkaline complexes. Mantle derived carbonate melts also are carriers of the rare earths. Hydrothermal deposits associated with alkaline magmatism contain a variety of rare earth minerals.

The following includes the relatively common hydrothermal rare earth minerals and minerals which often contain significant rare earth substitution:

aeschynite allanite apatite bastnäsite britholite brockite cerite fluocerite fluorite

gadolinite monazite parisite stillwellite synchysite titanite wakefieldite xenotime zircon

Rare earth ore, shown with a United States penny for size comparison

Production

The mining of rare earth minerals was at one time dominated by the United States. The People's Republic of China has since come to dominate the market.

Rare earth oxides production. (USGS)

References

• Jones, Adrian P., Francis Wall and C. Terry Williams, eds. (1996) Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits, The Mineralogy Society Series #7, 372 pp. ISBN 978-0-412-61030-1

• China New Policy Affect Rare Earth Price