Rare disease

A rare disease, also referred to as an orphan disease, is any disease that affects a small percentage of the population.

Most rare diseases are genetic, and thus are present throughout the person's entire life, even if symptoms do not immediately appear. Many rare diseases appear early in life, and about 30 percent of children with rare diseases will die before reaching their fifth birthday.^[1] With a single diagnosed patient only, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency is considered the rarest genetic disease.

No single cutoff number has been agreed upon for which a disease is considered rare. A disease may be considered rare in one part of the world, or in a particular group of people, but still be common in another.

Definition

There is no single, widely accepted definition for rare diseases. Some definitions rely solely on the number of people living with a disease, and other definitions include other factors, such as the existence of adequate treatments or the severity of the disease.

In the United States, the Rare Diseases Act of 2002 defines rare disease strictly according to prevalence, specifically "any disease or condition that affects less than 200,000 people in the United States,"^[2] or about 1 in 1,500 people. This definition is essentially like that of the Orphan Drug Act of 1983, a federal law that was written to encourage research into rare diseases and possible cures.

In Japan, the legal definition of a rare disease is one that affects fewer than 50,000 patients in Japan, or about 1 in 2,500 people.^[3]

However, the European Commission on Public Health defines rare diseases as "life-threatening or chronically debilitating diseases which are of such low prevalence that special combined efforts are needed to address them."^[4] The term low prevalence is later defined as generally meaning fewer than 1 in 2,000 people. Diseases that are statistically rare, but not also life-threatening, chronically debilitating, or inadequately treated, are excluded from their definition.

The definitions used in the medical literature and by national health plans are similarly divided, with definitions ranging from 1/1,000 to 1/200,000.^[3]

Relationship to orphan diseases

Because of definitions that include reference to treatment availability, a lack of resources, and severity of the disease, the term orphan disease is used as a synonym for rare disease.^[3] But in the United States and the European Union, "orphan diseases" have a distinct legal meaning. The orphan drug movement began in the United States.^[3]

The United States' Orphan Drug Act includes both rare diseases and any non-rare diseases "for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug for such disease or condition will [be] recovered from sales in the United States of such drug" as orphan diseases.^[5]

The European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) also includes both rare diseases and neglected diseases into a larger category of "orphan diseases".^[6]

Prevalence

Prevalence (number of people living with a disease at a given moment), rather than incidence (number of new diagnoses in a given year), is used to describe the impact of rare diseases. The Global Genes Project estimates some 300 million people worldwide are affected by a rare disease.

The European Organization for Rare Diseases (EURORDIS) estimates that as many as 5,000 to 7,000 distinct rare diseases exist, and as much as 6% to 8% of the population of the European Union is affected by one.^[6] Only about 400 rare diseases have therapies and about 80% have a genetic component according to Rare Genomics Institute.

Rare diseases can vary in prevalence between populations, so a disease that is rare in some populations may be common in others. This is especially true of genetic diseases and infectious diseases. An example is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease: it is rare in most parts of Asia but relatively common in Europe and in populations of European descent. In smaller communities, the founder effect can result in a disease that is very rare worldwide being prevalent within the smaller community. Many infectious diseases are prevalent in a given geographic area but rare everywhere else. Other diseases, such as many rare forms of cancer, have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare. The classification of other conditions depends in part on the population being studied: All forms of cancer in children are generally considered rare, because so few children develop cancer, but the same cancer in adults may be more common.

About 40 rare diseases have a far higher prevalence in Finland; these are known collectively as Finnish heritage disease.

Characteristics

Rare diseases usually are genetic,^[7] hence chronic. EURORDIS estimates that at least 80% of them have identified genetic origins.^[8] Other rare diseases are the result of infections and allergies or due to degenerative and proliferative causes.

Symptoms of some rare diseases may appear at birth or in childhood, whereas others only appear once adulthood is reached.

Research publications emphasize rare diseases that are chronic or incurable, although many short-term medical conditions are also rare diseases.^[9]

Public research

The NIH's Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR) was established by H.R. 4013/Public Law 107-280 in 2002.^[10] H.R. 4014, signed the same day, refers to the "Rare Diseases Orphan Product Development Act".^[11] Similar initiatives have been proposed in Europe.^[12]

Public awareness

The first Rare Disease Day was held in Europe and Canada in February 2008 to raise awareness for rare diseases.^[13][14] It is intended to be observed on the last day of February every year.^[15]

Support

The National Organization for Rare Disorders was established in 1983 by individuals and families with rare diseases.^[16][17]

Genetic Alliance, established in 1986, lists information and support groups for approximately 1200 rare diseases.^[18]

The Global Genes Project is one of the leading rare and genetic disease patient advocacy organizations in the world. The non-profit organization is led by Team R.A.R.E. (R.A.R.E stands for Rare disease, Advocacy, Research and Education).^[19] Global Genes promotes the needs of the rare and genetic disease community under a unifying symbol of hope – the Blue Denim Genes Ribbon™.^[20] What began as a grassroots movement in 2009 with a few rare disease parent advocates and foundations has grown to over 500 global organizations. Global Genes uses a simple concept of "genes and jeans" to broadly promote the needs of the rare and genetic disease community. The organization has launched a number of innovative rare and genetic disease awareness campaigns including, Hope, It's In Our Genes™,^[21] Wear That You Care™,^[22] 7,000 Bracelets for Hope™^[23] to represent the 7,000 different rare diseases and Unite 1 Million For RARE™ disease.

The Canadian Organization for Rare Disorders (CORD) is the national network of organizations who represent people affected by rare disorders within Canada. CORD's intention is to provide a strong common voice advocating for a healthcare system and health policy for those with rare disorders.^[24]

Patients with rare diseases in Greece are represented by the Greek Alliance of Rare Diseases.

Examples of rare diseases

• Relapsing polychondritis with an incidence of 3.5 per 1 million people.^[25]

For a larger list, see Category:Rare diseases.

See also

• Global Genes Project
• Genetic Alliance UK
• Orphan drugs
• Rare Disease Day
• Health care rationing
• Mystery Diagnosis

References

External links

• NIH's Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center
• Database of rare diseases at Orphanet