Ranger's toad

Raucous Toad
Conservation status

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Amietophrynus
Species: A. rangeri
Binomial name
Amietophrynus rangeri
(Hewitt, 1935)
Synonyms

Bufo regularis rangeri Hewitt, 1935 Bufo rangeri - Poynton, 1964

The Raucous toad (Amietophrynus rangeri) is a species of toad from Southern Africa [1]

Dorsal aspect. Probable mature female.

Taxonomy

Amietophrynus rangeri is a member of the family Bufonidae. It was described, in 1935, by John Hewitt of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, from collections made by naturalist Gordon A. Ranger at his farm "Gleniffer" 3 km E of Kei Road, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.[2][3] Among several other forms described from these collections was the Eastern Leopard Toad, Amietophrynus pardalis, which Ranger distinguished from the Raucous toad on behaviour and calls (according to his nephew, Mr Gary Ranger, "Gleniffer" was subdivided in the late 1930s and the portions renamed, including "Hillside" and "Rockdale", where there is a monument to the older Mr Ranger). Hewitt considered the Raucous Toad, along with most other large toads of Southern Africa, as subspecies of the widespread African Toad Bufo regularis (a species which is now considered absent from Southern Africa, predominantly occurring in subsaharan Africa north of the equator). In 1964, Poynton raised Bufo rangeri of Hewitt, 1935 to full species status, distinguishing it from co-occurring related forms.[4] More recently, Frost and co-authors (2006) assigned this species to the new genus Amietophrynus, as part of a global revision of amphibian taxonomy based largely on DNA sequence data.[5]

Description

Its maximal size, snout-to-vent, is about 120 mm. It is a characteristically robust medium-large-sized toad, dorsal and lateral skin liberally sprinkled with wart-like protuberances. Colour brown-to-greyish with more-or-less paired dark-brown patches flanking the medial dorsal line. The dark patches on the head meet in a brown chevron on top of the head behind and between the eyes. The anterior dorsal skin of the head lacks dark brown patches. Like most typical toads, it has a large parotoid gland behind each eye. If injured it will exude whitish spots of venom on the parotoid glands; this can be hazardous to domestic dogs if they bite a toad. The underside is whitish with the gular (throat) area of males infused with yellow with a dark blue-black bar posterior to the gular.

Call

The advertisement call, made by males in the breeding season, is a loud repetitive duck-like quacking.[1] Groups of calling males generally space themselves along the waters edge, or among plants in the water. Males in chorus call antiphonally (with calls from different individuals alternating).

Habits

It is fairly aquatic as toads go, commonly inhabiting ponds and dams and streams, though it seems to prefer running water and accordingly favours fountains and similar water bodies.[1] It typically is shy, but like many toads it will visit houses and other places where insect prey are attracted to lights, mainly outside the breeding season. It then establishes itself in moist, sheltered spots such as behind flowerpots and becomes tame if not molested. It will eat practically any small animal, including small vertebrates, but mainly insects up to the size of crickets.

Range

A. rangeri occurs in Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland, possibly Botswana, possibly Mozambique, possibly Namibia, and possibly Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are Southern African Mediterranean, Karoo, subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, arable land, plantations, water storage areas, and ponds.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Du Preez, L. H., Carruthers, Vincent; A complete guide to the frogs of southern Africa. Pub: Cape Town, South Africa : Struik Nature, 2009 ISBN 978-1-77007-446-0
  2. ↑ Hewitt, John (1935). "Some new forms of batrachians and reptiles from South Africa". Records of the Albany Museum 4: 283–357.
  3. ↑ Hewitt, John (1937). A Guide to the Vertebrate Fauna of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Part II - Reptiles, Amphibians and Freshwater Fishes. Grahamstown: The Albany Museum.
  4. ↑ Poynton, John (1964). "The Amphibia of Southern Africa: A Faunal Study". Annals of the Natal Museum 17: 1–334.
  5. ↑ Frost, Darrel R; Grant, T; Faivovich, J; Bain, RH; Haas, A; Haddad, CFB; de Sá, RO; Channing, A; Wilkinson, M; Donnellan, SC; Raxworthy, CJ; Campbell, JA; Blotto, BL; Moler, PE; Drewes, RC; Nussbaum, RA; Lynch, JD; Green, DM; Wheeler, WC (2006). "The Amphibian Tree of Life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370.