Rambler Classic

Rambler Classic

1965 Rambler Classic 770 convertible
Overview
Manufacturer American Motors Corporation (AMC)
Also called Rambler-Renault Classic (RIB)
Production 1961–1966
Assembly
Body and chassis
Class Mid-size
Layout FR layout
Chronology
Predecessor Rambler Six and V8
Successor AMC Rebel

The Rambler Classic is an intermediate sized automobile that was built and sold by American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the 1961 to 1966 model years. The Classic took the place of the Rambler Six and Rambler Rebel V-8 names, which were retired at the end of the 1960 model year.

Introduced at first only as six-passenger four-door sedan and station wagon versions, additional body styles were added with two-door models available as a "post" sedan and in 1964 as a sporty pillar-less hardtop, as well as a convertible for 1965 and 1966.

Motor Trend magazine selected AMC's Classic line as Car of the Year award for 1963.

The Rambler Rebel name replaced Classic on AMC's completely redesigned large-line of cars in 1967, and for 1968 the Rebel was renamed the AMC Rebel as AMC began the process of phasing out the Rambler marque.

Throughout its life in the AMC model line-up, the Classic was the high-volume seller for the independent automaker.

First generation

First generation

1961 Rambler Classic 4-door sedan
Overview
Production 1961–1962
Designer Edmund E. Anderson
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine
  • 195.5 cu in (3.2 L) I6
  • 250 cu in (4.1 L) V8 (1961)
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 108 in (2,743 mm)
Length 189.8 in (4,821 mm)
Width 72.4 in (1,839 mm)
Height 57.3 in (1,455 mm)
Curb weight
  • 2,915 lb (1,322 kg) I6
  • 3,255 lb (1,476 kg) V8[1]

The Rambler was the focus of AMC's management strategy under the leadership of George W. Romney. American Motors designed and built some of the most fuel-efficient, best-styled and well-made cars of the 1950s and 1960s.[2] Their compact cars (for the era) helped AMC to achieve sales and corporate profit successes. In 1961, the Rambler marque ranked in third place among domestic automobile sales.[3]

Ramblers were available in two sizes and built on different automobile platforms. The larger-sized Rambler series was based on a 1956 design and was renamed as the Classic for the 1961 model year to help create a stronger individual identity and contrast from the smaller Rambler American line. American Motor's Edmund E. Anderson designed the new 108-inch (2,743 mm) wheelbase Ramblers "that looked new and fresh, but were in fact inexpensive reskinned models."[4]

1961

1961 Rambler Classic sedan

The 1961 Classic featured a new front end with a one-piece, rectangular extruded-aluminum grille, new fenders, hood, sculptured door panels, and side trim, as well as one-piece bumpers. Models included the Deluxe, the Super, and the Custom (featuring bucket seats in a four-door sedan). The suggested retail price for the basic Deluxe four-door sedan was US$2,098 and was only $339 more for a station wagon.[2]

In 1961, the Classic was available in either an I6 - 195.5 cu in (3.2 L) - or with a V8 - 250 cu in (4.1 L) - engine. A lighter by 80 pounds (36 kg) aluminum block version of the OHV I6 engine, sometimes referred to as the 196, was offered as an option on Deluxe and Super models.[1] The die cast block features iron "sleeves" or cylinder liners with a cast iron alloy cylinder head and produces the same 127.5 horsepower (95 kW) as the cast iron version.[5]

American Motors "defied the detractors" with its emphasis on economical and compact-sized cars achieving a sales total of 370,600 vehicles in 1961, "lifting the Rambler to an unprecedented third place in the charts behind Chevrolet and Ford".[3]

1962

1962 Rambler Classic 4-door sedan

For the 1962 model year, the Super models were dropped and replaced by a 400 model. Also for 1962, AMC's flagship Ambassador models were shortened to the same 108-inch (2,700 mm) wheelbase as the Classic's at the same time as the V8 engine was no longer available in the Classic models. This meant the Ambassador models were the only models with V8s in the AMC lineup. The two-door sedan bodystyle Rambler Classic was a unique one year offering for 1962.[6]

The front grille was modified for 1962, but the free-standing Rambler lettering in the lower center remained. The revised rear end received new round tail lamps, while the previous tailfins were "shaved off".[7] Rambler was one of the last cars to incorporate the tail fin design and became one of the first to "do away with them, and to build clean, simple, uncluttered cars."[8] The back door upper window points were also rounded off for 1962.

Starting in 1962, AMC took a leadership role with safer brake systems in all Ramblers featuring twin-circuit brakes, a design offered by only a few cars at that time.[2] Classics with an automatic transmission continued to use push-buttons mounted on the left side of the dashboard with a separate sliding pull tab for the "park" position. The cast-iron block six-cylinder engine was standard on Deluxe and Custom models with the aluminum version optional. The 400 received the aluminum block, but the cast-iron was a no cost option. Other improvements for 1962 included a price cut of $176 on the popular Custom Classic sedan.[9]

The popularity of the compact-sized Classic continued in the face of a dozen new competitors.[10] Sales of the 1962 model year Classics increased by over 56,000 in the first six months compared to the same period in 1961.[11] A Popular Mechanics nationwide survey of owners that had driven a total of 1,227,553 miles (1,975,555 km) revealed that the Rambler is likeable, easy handling, providing stability and comfortable, roomy ride with low-cost operation. Flaws included inadequate power and poor workmanship.[10]

Centaur

American Motors highlighted the Rambler Centaur at the 1962 Chicago Auto Show on a raised platform in the center of automaker's exhibit area.[12] The car was based on a two-door sedan that did "not look remarkably different from regular production models."[12]

Second generation

Second generation

1963 Rambler Classic 660 wagon
Overview
Also called
Production 1963–1964
Assembly
Designer
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine
  • 195.5 cu in (3.2 L) I6
  • 232 cu in (3.8 L) I6 (Typhoon only)
  • 287 cu in (4.7 L) V8
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 112 in (2,845 mm)
Length 188.8 in (4,796 mm)
Width 71.3 in (1,811 mm)
Height 54.6 in (1,387 mm)
Curb weight 2,650 lb (1,200 kg) approximate

For the 1963 model year, the Rambler Classic line was completely redesigned with subtle body sculpturing. Outgoing design director, Edmund E. Anderson, shaped the Classic that was named Motor Trend magazine's 1963 "Car of the Year."[14] These were also the first AMC models that were influenced by Richard A. Teague, the company's new principal designer. He "turned these economical cars into smooth, streamlined beauties with tons of options and V-8 pep."[15]

Being of a suitable size for international markets, this Rambler was assembled in a number of countries. In Europe, Renault built this car in their Haren, Belgium plant and marketed it as a luxury car, filling the gap above the tiny Renault Dauphine.[16]

The 1963 Classics were also the first all-new cars developed by AMC since 1956. Keeping the philosophy of the company, they were more compact – shorter and narrower by one inch (25 mm), as well as over two inches (56 mm) lower – than the preceding models; but lost none of their "family-sized" passenger room or luggage capacity featuring a longer 112-inch (2,845 mm) wheelbase.

1963

1963 Rambler Classic 770 sedan

American Motors' "senior" cars (Classic and Ambassador) shared the same wheelbase and body parts, with only trim differences and standard equipment levels to distinguish the models. Classics came in pillared two- and four-door sedans, as well as four-door wagons. The model designations now became "a Mercedes-like three-number model designation" going from the lowest 550 (essentially fleet cars), 660, to highest 770 trims (replacing the Deluxe, Custom, and 400 versions).[17]

As in 1962, the 1963 Classics were initially available only as 6-cylinder 195.5 cu in (3.2 L) models. The Ambassador's standard V8 power, featuring AMC's 327 cu in (5.4 L) engine, was the chief distinguishing feature from the Classic model line.

In mid-1963, a new 287 cu in (4.7 L) V8 option was announced for the Classic models. The 198 hp (148 kW; 201 PS) V8 equipped Rambler Classics combined good performance with good mileage; even with the optional "Flash-O-Matic" automatic transmission, they reached 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in about 10 seconds and returned fuel economy from 16 miles per US gallon (15 L/100 km; 19 mpg-imp) to 20 miles per US gallon (12 L/100 km; 24 mpg-imp).[18]

The new AMC cars incorporated numerous engineering solutions. Among these was curved side glass, one of the earliest popular-priced cars with this feature. Another engineering breakthrough was combining separate parts in the monocoque (unit construction) body into single stampings. One example was the "uniside" door surround that was made from a single stamping of steel. Not only did it replace 52 parts and reduce weight and assembly costs, it also increased structural rigidity and provided for better fitting of the doors.[19]

American Motors' imaginative engineering prompted Motor Trend magazine to give the Classic – and the similar Ambassador models – their Car of the Year award for 1963.[20] Motor Trend's "award is based on pure progress in design, we like to make sure the car is also worthy of the title in the critical areas of performance, dependability, value, and potential buyer satisfaction."[20]

1964

1964 Rambler Classic 770 wagon

The 1964 model year Classics, were refined with stainless steel rocker moldings, a flush single-plane aluminum grille replacing the previous year's deep concave design, and oval tail-lamps replacing the flush mounted lenses of the 1963's. Classics with bucket seats and V8 engine could be ordered with a new "Shift-Command" three-speed automatic transmission mounted on the center console that could be shifted manually.[21]

A new two-door model joined the line only available in the top 770 trim. The pillar-less hardtop offered a large glass area, and "its sales were brisk."[17] A sporty 770-H version featured individually adjustable reclining bucket seats, as well as center a console. Consumers continued to perceive Ramblers as economy cars and the six-cylinder models outsold V8-powered versions.[17]

Typhoon

1964 Rambler Typhoon two-door hardtop

American Motors unveiled the Typhoon in April 1964. This mid-1964 model year introduction was a sporty variant of the Classic 770 2-door hardtop. This special model was introduced to highlight AMC's completely new short-stroke, seven main bearing, 145 hp (108 kW; 147 PS) 8.5:1 compression ratio 232 cu in (3.8 L) "Typhoon" modern era inline-6.

Production of this commemorative model was limited to 2,520 units and it was only available in a two-tone Solar Yellow body with a Classic Black roof, and a sporty all-vinyl interior for US$2,509.[18] The car also featured a distinctive "Typhoon" script in place of the usual "Classic" name insignia, as well as a unique grille with black out accents. All other AMC options (except engine choices and colors) were available on the Typhoon.

The engine became the mainstay six-cylinder engine for AMC and Jeep vehicles. It was produced, albeit in a modified form, up until 2006. The 232 I6 engine's name was soon changed to "Torque Command", with Typhoon to describe AMC's new line of V8s introduced in 1966.

Cheyenne

The 1964 Chicago Auto Show was used by AMC to exhibit the Rambler Cheyenne in a viewing area made from knotty pine planks.[22] The show car was based on the top-of-the-line Classic Cross Country station wagon finished in white highlighting its full-length gold-tone anodized aluminum trim along the upper part of the bodysides (replacing the side spear that was standard on 770 models) as well as matching gold trim on the lower part of the tailgate between the tail-lights.[22]

Third generation

Third generation

1965 Rambler Classic 770 convertible
Overview
Production 1965–1966
Body and chassis
Body style
Powertrain
Engine
  • 199 cu in (3.3 L) I6
  • 232 cu in (3.8 L) I6
  • 258 cu in (4.2 L) I6
  • 287 cu in (4.7 L) V8
  • 327 cu in (5.4 L) V8
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase 112 in (2,845 mm)
Length 195 in (4,953 mm)
Width 74.5 in (1,892 mm)
Height 55 in (1,397 mm)
Curb weight 2,980 lb (1,350 kg) V8 hardtop

The 1965 model year Classics underwent a major redesign of the new platform that was introduced in 1963; essentially the 1963–1964 design with a rectilinear reskin similar to that of concurrent Ambassadors.[23] Fresh sheet metal design was applied to the original 112 in (2,800 mm) wheelbase and 195 in (5,000 mm) long integral body-frame with only the roof, doors, and windshield as carryovers.[24] Unchanged was the suspension system including a torque tube with coil springs with a Panhard rod.[25]

The Rambler Classic was now shorter than – as well as visually distinctive from – the Ambassador line, while still sharing the basic body structure from the windshield back. For the first time a convertible model was available in the 770 trim version. The two-door sedan was dropped from the 770 model lineup.

1965

1965 Rambler Classic 770 sedan

The 1965 Classic models were billed as the "Sensible Spectaculars," with emphasis on their new styling, powerful engines, and their expanded comfort and sports-type options, in contrast to the previous "economy car" image.

American Motors now only offered its modern straight-six engine design, retiring the aging 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) versions. The 1965 Classic base 550 models featured the modern and economical 128 hp (95 kW; 130 PS) 199 cu in (3.3 L) six-cylinder, which was basically a destroked 232 engine. The 660 and 770 series received the 145 hp (108 kW; 147 PS) 232 cu in (3.8 L) six, while a 155 hp (116 kW; 157 PS) version was optional. Additionally, the 198 hp (148 kW; 201 PS) 287 cu in (4.7 L) or 270 hp (201 kW; 274 PS) 327 cu in (5.4 L) V8 engines were optional.

Popular Science magazine reported, "you can have a 1965 Classic as a penny-pinching economy car or a storming performance job."[24] Additional performance options for 1965 included power front disk brakes with four-piston calipers that were supplied by Bendix. The standard 4-wheel drum brakes also continued to feature AMC's "Double-Safety" master cylinder system. The dual master cylinder was available in only one "Big Three" car: Cadillac.

Marlin

Main article: Rambler Marlin

At mid-model year, AMC introduced the 1965 Marlin, a halo car for the company. It was a mid-sized fastback design using the Rambler Classic platform. Marketed as a personal luxury car, the Marlin had unique styling and featured an exceptional array of standard equipment.

1966

1966 Rambler Classic 770 sedan

The 1966 model year Rambler Classics received minor trim changes and additional standard safety features, including padded dash and visors, left outside mirror, as well as seat belts for the front and rear passengers. The 660 mid-trim level was dropped leaving the 550 and 770 models for 1966. Available for the first time was a floor mounted four-speed manual transmission and a dash-mounted tachometer.[26]

Classics received particular attention to the styling of the roofs for 1966. The two-door hardtop models received a rectangular rear window and more formal and angular "crisp-line" roofline that could be covered with vinyl trim. Sedans had an optional trim-outlined "halo" roof accent color. The station wagon's roof area over the cargo compartment was at the same level with the rest of the roof, no longer dipped down as in prior years. The wagons carried Cross Country insignia and featured 83 cubic feet (2.35 m3) of cargo space, as well as a standard roof rack. Two wagon seating capacities were available: a standard six-passenger version with two-rows of seats with a drop-down bottom-hinged tailgate incorporating a fully retracting rear window for accessing cargo, or in an optional eight-passenger version with three-rows of seats (the third rear-facing) and a left-side hinged rear fifth door.

The name Classic was no longer considered a positive factor in the marketplace and AMC began reshuffling model names in 1966.[27]

Rambler Rebel

1966 Rambler Rebel 2-door hardtop

A top-of-the-line version of the two-door hardtop Classic was offered under the historic Rambler Rebel name. It replaced the 770-H and featured special badges and standard slim-type bucket seats with optional checked upholstery with two matching pillows.[23] Public reaction to the tartan touch appearing in some of AMC's "Project IV" automobile show tour cars, was judged favorable enough to make the unique trim available on the Rebel hardtop.[28]

Serving as one example to verify how AMC products were routinely derided by various automotive press, Popular Science magazine wrote that the new "Rambler Rebel reveals a sudden interest in performance," but its handling package cannot overcome the car's obsolete suspension design.[29] However, AMC was reluctant to forfeit their Nash engineered suspension design which employed a strut type front and panhard rod controlled torque tube rear drive system, both having long coil springs to place the upper spring seats higher into the body of the car. This feature was to afford a softer ride quality and better handling by reducing the geometrical leverage of the car's center of gravity for less body roll "sway" in cornering. What was labeled as "obsolete" is juxtaposed by noting how General Motors employed a similar suspension system on their third generation Camaro and Firebird nearly twenty years later which had MacPherson strut front and a torque arm mounted rear drive axle.

Rambler St. Moritz

A customized show car was displayed along production models during the 1966 automobile show circuit, the snow- and ski-themed Rambler St. Moritz station wagon.[30] The wagon with three rows of seats featured tinted rear side "observation" windows that curved up and over the roof. The less than half of the original metal roof remaining over the cargo area was finished by a polished metal band and equipped with special ski rack. The exterior was a light ice-blue pearlescent paint, while the car's dark blue interior featured Corfam upholstery with a metallic embroidered snowflake in each seat back.[30]

International markets

IKA Rambler Classic in Argentina
Right-hand-drive Rambler in Australia
1963 Rambler in Germany
1965 Renault Rambler brochure
1965 Rambler in India

Noteworthy were AMC's overseas business ventures involving the production of Rambler Classics that were marketed in various international markets.

Argentina

Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA) produced Rambler Classics in Córdoba, Argentina from 1962 to 1971.[31] All were powered by the 3.77 L (230 cu in) overhead camshaft (OHC) straight-six "Tornado Interpector" engines that were originally developed by Kaiser Motors in the U.S. for the 1963 Jeep Gladiator pickups and Wagoneer vehicles. This engine was later produced in Argentina and increased the domestic (local sourced) content of the automobiles to gain tariff concessions for the imported components from AMC.

In 1963, the best-selling model in Argentina was the IKA Rambler.[32] A road test of an IKA Rambler Classic 660 by the Argentinean automotive magazine, Revista Parabrisas, described significant differences to the 1962 versions, noting the new stylized simple lines and more fluid design, as well as concluding that it is "a large and comfortable ride for both the city and touring, as well as – depending on the driver – can be sporty."[33]

Australia and New Zealand

Rambler Classics were assembled in Australia and New Zealand by Australian Motor Industries (AMI), Campbell Motor Industries (CMI) in Thames, New Zealand. They were made from Partial Knock Down (PKD) kits.[34] The vehicles were partially assembled and painted at AMC's Kenosha, Wisconsin, factory.[34] Thy were built with right-hand drive and the body had the engine, transmission, front suspension, rear axle, and doors installed.[34] Some of the other components were boxed and shipped inside the car for final assembly by AMI or CMI. Interior components such as upholstery and various other parts were locally sourced to get import tariff concessions. The cars were also fitted with amber rear turn signal lights to comply with safety standards in Australia and New Zealand.

The Australian-assembled versions were identical in appearance to the U.S. models through the three generations.[35] The base prices of Rambler Classics dropped with the introduction of the redesigned 1963 models due to the elimination of some standard equipment such as the reclining front seats and heater.[35] Two four-door body styles were available: sedan and station wagon. A Classic sedan was offered in Australia for the first time with a manual transmission.[35] However, the biggest selling model was the automatic six-cylinder Classic sedan with an automatic transmission.[35] The AMI Rambler Classics exhibited high standards of assembly and finish.[35]

Costa Rica

Starting in 1959, Purdy Motor, owned by Xavier Quirós Oreamuno, distributed Rambler vehicles in Costa Rica.[36][37] Many Central and South American nations established local content regulations during the 1960s. These laws effectively required automobiles sold in those markets to be assembled locally from knock-down kits.[37] A new company, ECASA was established in 1964 by Oreamuno, and by September 1965, the first vehicle to be built in Costa Rica was a 1964 Rambler Classic 660 that still exists.[38] The company assembled Rambler Classics and other AMC models through 1970, as well as Toyota's Corona and Land Cruiser.[36] By 1973, Toyota acquired 20% of ECASA.[39]

Europe

All three generations of the Rambler Classics were assembled from CKD (Completely Knocked Down) kits in Renault's factory in Haren, Belgium and sold through Renault dealers in Algeria, Austria, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg,[40] The French automaker no longer had a large car in its own model range and the Rambler Classic was sold as an "executive car" in Renault's markets,[41] and badged as the "Rambler Renault", under the terms of a cooperation agreement concluded between the two automakers on 21 November 1961.[42]

The French coach builder, Henri Chapron, modified 1962 Rambler sedans to serve as a presidential limousines for the government of Charles de Gaulle.[43] Modifications included a custom grille and a single chrome strip the full length of the bodyside, a raised roof, as well as the elimination of the stock panoramic rear window by straight back glass framed by large C-pillars.[43] One objective of Renault, the state-owned automaker at the time, was to recapture the French limousine market segment from Citroën.[43] However, de Gaulle selected the slightly less roomy Citroen.[44]

Mexico

Willys Mexicana S.A. had agreements with AMC to assemble the compact Rambler American models and began preparing for the introduction of the larger Rambler Classic to the Mexican market in 1963.[45] During this time the automaker became Vehiculos Automotores Mexicanos (VAM). This coincided with the launch of the second generation of the U.S. Classic, and the VAM Classic became the second AMC product made by VAM in Mexico. The new model was focused as the luxury companion to the Rambler American compact line and as VAM's flagship automobile as the Ambassador line was not produced in Mexico. A major marketing campaign by VAM promoted the inaugural 1963 models using Motor Trend's Car of the Year award. The VAM Rambler Classic was a success among consumers and the automotive press; obtaining praise for the car's roominess, comfort, beauty of styling, advanced engineering, as well as its economy and value.

The 1963 Rambler Classics were available only in two- and four-door sedan body designs, both called Rambler Classic 660. No other trim levels or versions were available. The standard engine and transmission combination was the OHV 195.6 cu in (3.2 L) I6 engine with a single barrel carburetor producing 127 hp (95 kW; 129 PS) at 4200 rpm with a 8.7:1 compression ratio and coupled to a three-speed manual transmission with column-mounted shifter. The 138 hp (103 kW; 140 PS) two-barrel version of the 195.6 six was also available at extra cost. Standard equipment for all included built-in flow-through ventilation, four wheel drum brakes with twin-circuits and a double master cylinder, manual steering, electric wipers and washers, coil-spring-based suspension, carpeting, front and rear bench seats consisting of foam rubber and coil springs, side marker lights, hazard lights, backup lights, luxury steering wheel with horn ring and "R" emblem, 200 km/h speedometer, fuel and water temperature gauges, dual front ashtrays, cigarette lighter, electric clock, AM radio, rearview mirror, front and rear side armrests, dual rear ashtrays, dual coat hooks, round dome light, padded sunvisors, driver's side remote mirror, as well as a bright molding package. Optional equipment included power brakes, power steering, front seatbelts, heater, passenger's side remote mirror, bumper guards, bumper tubes, and full wheel covers.

For 1964, the VAM Rambler Classic incorporating the new styling upgrades from its AMC domestic counterpart models. The two-barrel 138 hp version of the 195.6 six became standard.

The 1965 model year underwent the styling changes of the U.S. cars.[46] The biggest change was AMC's new seven-main-bearing 232 cu in (3.8 L) I6 engine in 145 hp (108 kW; 147 PS) version as standard equipment and a 155 hp (116 kW; 157 PS) version as optional. The new engines were now manufactured in VAM's own factory that was built in 1964 at Lerma, State of Mexico. The new engines replaced the imported L-head and OHV 195.6 engines in VAM's vehicles.

The cars saw a name change for 1966, from Rambler Classic 660 to Rambler Classic 770. Despite the "trim level" upgrade, the car was mostly the same, despite that it did get slightly more luxurious over the years. The two-door Rambler Classic 770 featured individual reclining front seats and its marketing focused towards sportiness.

The VAM Rambler Classic was not available in Mexico as a two-door hardtop, two-door convertible, or four-door station wagon. The Rambler Classic-based Marlin models were also never produced under VAM. The Rambler Classic model enjoyed popularity and positive image among the Mexican public. For this reason in 1967, with arrival of AMC's completely new Rebel line in the mid-size market segment, VAM continued the Rambler Classic name for its new cars.

Owners

Former U.S. presidential candidate, Mitt Romney, received his first car in 1965 while he was as a student at Brigham Young University, a used 1963 Rambler Classic from his father, AMC President George W. Romney.[47][48]

Collectibility

Rambler Classics share numerous parts and components with other AMC models. New parts are somewhat plentiful and several vendors specialize in AMCs.[2] There are also active AMC car clubs to assist owners. "Long admired for their simplicity, utilitarian design approach and servicing ease, Ramblers of the early-1960s are an inexpensive way to get into the collector-car hobby."[2]

Among the most collectible models are the 1964 Typhoon hardtop and the 1965–1966 Rambler Classic hardtops and convertibles.[23] At collector auctions, Rambler Classics that are in original condition, such as a low-mileage 1965 convertible, will see bidding soaring "above condition #1 values" with "their continued popularity".[49]

References

Inline
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Whipple, Jim (January 1961). "Automobiles of 1961". Popular Mechanics 115 (1): 160. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Mattar, George (1 August 2005). "1961-1962 American Motors Rambler Classic Custom Six". Hemmings Classic Car. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Montgomery, Andrew (2003). The Illustrated Directory of American Cars. MBI Publishing. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-7603-1554-5. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  4. ↑ Hyde, Charles K. (2009). Storied Independent Automakers: Nash, Hudson, and American Motors. Wayne State University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-8143-3446-1. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  5. ↑ "Restyled Rambler Gets Aluminum Six". Popular Mechanics 114 (4): 90. November 1960. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  6. ↑ "Rambler". Automobile Quarterly 33 (2): 36. November 1994.
  7. ↑ Gunnell, John (2005). American Cars of the 1960s. Krause Publications. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-89689-131-9. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  8. ↑ Baker, Michael John; McTavish, Ronald (1976). Product Policy and Management. Macmillan. p. 164. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  9. ↑ Whipple, Jim (December 1961). "Detroit Listening Post". Popular Mechanics 161 (6): 80. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Whipple, Jim (March 1962). "Likable Rambler Marred by Flaws, Owners Say". Popular Mechanics 113 (3): 98–101, 241, 242, 244, 246, 248. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  11. ↑ Whipple, Jim (October 1962). "Let's look at the record of 1962 versus 1961". Popular Mechanics 118 (4): 78. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "History – 1962". Chicago Auto Show.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Sales brochure for Rambler Deluxe V8, Luxury V8, Cross Country V8 & American, Australian Motor Industries, circa 1964
  14. ↑ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (15 June 2007). "How Rambler Cars Work: 1963, 1964 Rambler Cars". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  15. ↑ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (21 November 2007). "1963-1964 AMC/Rambler Ambassador & Classic Specifications". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  16. ↑ Billeter, Vera (1965). Logoz, Arthur, ed. "The American Motors Story". Auto-Universum 1966 (English edition) (Zürich, Switzerland: Verlag International Automobile Parade) IX: 17.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (21 November 2007). "1963-1964 AMC/Rambler Ambassador & Classic". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (24 June 2007). "1965-1966 Rambler Classic Hardtops & Convertibles". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  19. ↑ Isbrandt, Ralph H. (February 1963). "Rambler Engineering". Motor Trend (AMCRC). Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Car of the Year Winners, 1949-Present, 1963 Motor Trend Car of the Year: American Motors (AMC) Rambler". Motor Trend. 9 November 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  21. ↑ "What's new at Rambler". Popular Science 183 (3): 89. October 1963. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "History – 1964". Chicago Auto Show. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (27 June 2007). "1965-1966 Rambler Classic Hardtops & Convertibles". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "What's new at American Motors". Popular Science 185 (4): 90–91. October 1964. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  25. ↑ Temple, Robert W. (December 1964). "Beating the Bounce". Popular Science 185 (6): 106. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  26. ↑ "1966 Rambler Classic Brochure". Oldcarbrochures.com. p. 9. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  27. ↑ Mitchell, Larry G. (2000). AMC Muscle Cars. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7603-0761-8.
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  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Foster, Patrick (November 2010). "Those AMC Show Cars: Design concepts wowed crowds, influenced production". Hemmings Classic Car: 54–59.
  31. ↑ "IKA – Características Classic Custom – Classic Custom De Luxe – Ambassador 440" (in Spanish). Coche Argentino. 18 May 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  32. ↑ "Argentina 1963: IKA Rambler takes the lead". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  33. ↑ "IKA Rambler Classic 660 – 1964 – El 'boca de pescado'". Parabrisas (in Spanish) (43). June 1964. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "AMC Rebel". Unique Cars & Parts (Australia). Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 "AMC Rambler Classic 6 and V8". Unique Cars & Parts (Australia). Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "AMC American Motors Corporation, Costa Rica". amc.co.cr. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Ruhi, Joaquín (10 May 2014). "The Ultimate Toyota Restoration: The Backstory". Kaizen Factor. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
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  39. ↑ "Activities by RegionLatin America". Toyota Motor. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  40. ↑ Lind, Tommy. "International agreements...". Tommy Lind's History of Renault 1898–1975. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  41. ↑ "Le Cimetiere Des Autos Oubloees: Renault Rambler (1962–67)" (in French). The graveyard of forgotten cars. 4 April 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  42. ↑ Bellu, René (2001). "Toutes les voitures françaises 1962 (salon Paris Oct 1961)". Automobilia (Paris: Histoire & collections) 19: 62.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Niedermeyer, Paul (4 January 2012). "Today’s Oddity: 1962 Rambler Chapron Presidencial – De Gaulle Says Non Merci!". Curb Side Classic. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  44. ↑ stefan (22 March 2014). "Rambling With Stefan: The ’62 Rambler Classic in Media and Marketing". Retrieved 18 April 2015.
  45. ↑ Foster, Patrick (July 2010). "Made in Mexico". Hemmings Classic Car. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  46. ↑ "1963-1966 VAM Rambler Classic 660 and 770". The AMC Forum. 25 April 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  47. ↑ Graham, David A. (23 February 2012). "Mitt's Motor Menagerie: Cars of the House of Romney". Atlantic. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  48. ↑ Gregorya (12 March 2012). "On March 12, 2008, Mitt Romney got a classic car as a birthday gift". Yahoo! Autos – Motoramic. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  49. ↑ Litwin, Matthew; McCourt, Mark J. (July 2010). "Tom Mack Auction, Spring 2010". Hemmings Motor News 57 (7): 32.
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