RGB color space

RGB-Cube

An RGB color space is any additive color space based on the RGB color model.[1] A particular RGB color space is defined by the three chromaticities of the red, green, and blue additive primaries, and can produce any chromaticity that is the triangle defined by those primary colors.[2] The complete specification of an RGB color space also requires a white point chromaticity and a gamma correction curve. As of 2007, sRGB is by far the most commonly used RGB color space.

RGB is an abbreviation for red–green–blue.

Intuition

Comparison of some RGB and CMYK colour gamuts on a CIE 1931 xy chromaticity diagram

An RGB color space can be easily understood by thinking of it as "all possible colors" that can be made from three colourants for red, green and blue. Imagine, for example, shining three lights together onto a white wall: one red light, one green light, and one blue light, each with dimmer switches. If only the red light is on, the wall will look red. If only the green light is on, the wall will look green. If the red and green lights are on together, the wall will look yellow. Dim the red light and the wall will become more of a yellow-green. Dim the green light instead, and the wall will become more orange. Bringing up the blue light a bit will cause the orange to become less saturated and more whitish. In all, each setting of the three dimmer switches will produce a different result, either in color or in brightness or both. The set of all possible results is the gamut defined by those particular color lamps. Swap the red lamp for one of a different brand that is slightly more orange, and there will be a slightly different gamut, since the set of all colors that can be produced with the three lights will be changed.

An LCD display can be thought of as a grid of thousands of little red, green, and blue lamps, each with their own dimmer switch. The gamut of the display will depend on the three colors used for the red, green and blue lights. A wide-gamut display will have very saturated, "pure" light colors, and thus be able to display very saturated, deep colors.

Applications

RGB is a convenient color model for computer graphics because the human visual system works in a way that is similar — though not quite identical — to an RGB color space. The most commonly used RGB color spaces are sRGB and Adobe RGB (which has a significantly larger gamut). Adobe has recently developed another color space called Adobe Wide Gamut RGB, which is even larger, in detriment to gamut density.

As of 2007, sRGB is by far the most commonly used RGB color space, particularly in consumer grade digital cameras, HD video cameras, and computer monitors. HDTVs use a similar space, commonly called Rec. 709, sharing the sRGB primaries. The sRGB space is considered adequate for most consumer applications. Having all devices use the same color space is convenient in that an image does not need to be converted from one color space to another before being displayed. However, sRGB's limited gamut leaves out many highly saturated colors that can be produced by printers or in film, and thus is not ideal for some high quality applications. The wider gamut Adobe RGB is being built into more medium-grade digital cameras, and is favored by many professional graphic artists for its larger gamut.

Specifications

RGB spaces are generally specified by defining three primary colors and a white point. In the table below the three primary colors and white points for various RGB spaces are given. The primary colors are specified in terms of their CIE 1931 color space chromaticity coordinates (x,y).

Some RGB color space parameters
Color space Gamut White point Primaries
Red Green Blue
xR yR xG yG xB yB
ISO RGB Limited floating floating
Extended ISO RGB Unlimited (signed) floating floating
scRGB Unlimited (signed) D65 0.64 0.33 0.30 0.60 0.15 0.06
sRGB, HDTV (ITU-R BT.709) CRT D65 0.64 0.33 0.30 0.60 0.15 0.06
Adobe RGB 98 CRT D65 0.64 0.33 0.21 0.71 0.15 0.06
PAL/SECAM (1970)
(EBU Tech. 3213, ITU-R BT.470 System B, G) 		CRT D65 0.64 0.33 0.29 0.60 0.15 0.06
NTSC (1987)
(SMPTE RP 145 "SMPTE C", SMPTE 170M)		 CRT D65 0.63 0.34 0.31 0.595 0.155 0.07
Japanese NTSC (1987) CRT D93 0.63 0.34 0.31 0.595 0.155 0.07
Apple RGB CRT D65 0.625 0.34 0.28 0.595 0.155 0.07
NTSC (1953)
(FCC 1953, ITU-R BT.470 System M) 		CRT C 0.67 0.33 0.21 0.71 0.14 0.08
UHDTV (ITU-R BT.2020) Wide D65 0.708 0.292 0.170 0.797 0.131 0.046
Adobe Wide Gamut RGB Wide D50 0.735 0.265 0.115 0.826 0.157 0.018
ROMM RGB
ProPhoto RGB		 Wide D50 0.7347 0.2653 0.1596 0.8404 0.0366 0.0001
CIE (1931) RGB Wide E 0.7347 0.2653 0.2738 0.7174 0.1666 0.0089
CIE XYZ (not RGB) Unlimited E 1 0 0 1 0 0

The CIE 1931 color space standard defines both the CIE RGB space, which is an RGB color space with monochromatic primaries, and the CIE XYZ color space, which works like an RGB color space except that it has non-physical primaries that cannot be said to be red, green, and blue.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Poynton, Charles A. (2003). Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and Interfaces. Morgan Kaufmann. ISBN 1-55860-792-7.
  2. ↑ Hunt, R. W. G (2004). The Reproduction of Colour (6th ed.). Chichester UK: Wiley–IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technolog. ISBN 0-470-02425-9.

External links