Qawmi

Al-Jamiatul Ahlia Darul Ulum Moinul Islam, the largest and oldest Qawmi Madrasah in Bangladesh.

Qawmi (Bengali: কওমী; also variously phonetically transliterated as Quawmi, Quomi, Qaumi, Qaumee, Kawmi, or Qawmy) is an adjective describing one of the two major madrasah educational categories in Bangladesh.[1][2] The Qawmi madrasahs are not regulated by the Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board.[3] As private charitable organizations, Qawmi madrasahs are supported almost exclusively by donation.

The theological curriculum of the Qawmi madrasahs predominantly follow the Islamic Deobandi model. In the past, the degrees they conferred lacked accreditation or official recognition unlike those conferred by official Alia madrasahs (also spelled "Aliya" and "Aliah"),[1][4] which follow the Calcutta Alia tradition.[5] Starting in 2006, two years after the founding of the privately run Befaqul Mudarressin education board for Qawmi madrasahs, the Bangladeshi government began to recognize some Qawmi degrees.[6]

As of 2006, there were approximately 15,000 registered Qawmi madrasahs in Bangladesh,[5][7] with 200,000 teachers educating 4 million students.[7] Actual figures are unknown[2]b and Qawmi madrasas do not keep enrollment records.[6] Moreover, it has been argued that if unregistered Qawmi madrasahs were counted then it could put the total number of Bangladeshi madrasahs as high as 64,000[8]a—suggesting that Qawmi madrasahs outnumber their official Alia counterparts[5] (of which 25,201 existed in 2004[4]).

History

Qawmi educational practices originate from the traditional Muslim educational system of Bangladesh.[9] During the British colonial period, these types of madrasahs were called "Khariji," or outside of government.[4] Later, the term "Qawmi" emerged from the word "qom" (meaning "the public")—stemming from the fact that Qawmi madrasahs reject state funding and instead rely on donations from the public.[5]

After 1971, some Qawmi madrasahs began to modernize their teaching, such as by switching the language of instruction from Urdu to Bengali and adding some English language and mathematics lessons.[9] In 1978, a government body called the "Non-government Education Board" was established in an attempt to co-ordinate these madrasahs, of which 2,043 registered with that board by 1998.[10]

The later part of the 20th century saw a major largely unregulated growth in the whole madrasah sector, which expanded from roughly 4,100 schools in 1986 to potentially as many as 64,000 schools by 2005.[8]

The Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board was formed in 2004.[4] Soon afterwards, in 2006, the Bangladeshi government began recognizing and supporting the Qawmi system.[6] By this time, approximately 15,000 madrasahs had registered with the Befaqul Mudarressin.[7]

Qawmi education systems

There are two major Qawmi educational systems: those that use the old Dars-i-Nizami curriculum and those that have a modified Nizami curriculum[10] (such as by including English language and mathematics lessons).[9]

The Dars-i-Nizami system originated from early eighteenth century India.[11] There is some controversy regarding movements to "reform" the system, with some calling the move "an 'anti-Islamic' conspiracy, alleging that these are a means to secularise madrasas and rob them of their Islamic identity"—though reformers generally contest that they do not want secularization and that they are not a conspiracy.[11]

In general, Qawmi primary education lasts six years, though it does not differentiate students by progressive grade levels.[4] While the Qawmi primary level covers all subjects found in other madrasah systems, there is no specific time-sequence or order by which subjects are taught as would be expected in grade-based systems. Thus, imposing class-graduated terminology on the Qawmi system may not be meaningful.[4]

Befaqul Mudarressin of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board

In 2004, many Qawmi madrasahs began organizing together under an umbrella organization called the Befaqul Mudarressin (also transliterated as Wafaq ul Madaris) of Bangladesh Qawmi Madrasah Education Board, based in Dhaka, including seven smaller private Madrasah education boards.[4] It is an extension of the process that formed the Wafaq ul Madaris Al-Arabia, Pakistan in 1957.[5]

The board was founded to assure a standardized curriculum and to provide centralized examination. Membership with the board is voluntary, though required for degree accreditation by the Befaqul Mudarressin.[5]

It is organized under a three-tiered representative system led an executive body. The second tier committee comprises senior madrasahs, followed a third tier of ordinary member schools.[5]

Statistics

As of 2008, the board oversees almost 9000 madrasahs at the following levels:[5]

Madrasahs under the Qawmi education board by level
Level Analogue/description # of Schools*
Takhmil Master's 300
Fazilat Bachelor's 200
Sanaria ammah secondary 1000
Mutawassitah lower secondary 2000
Ibtedayi primary 3000
Tahfeez ul Quran memorisation of the Qur'an 2000
*Madrasahs are listed by highest level taught since some offer more than one level.

Qawmi schools

The following are some of the notable Qawmi Madrasahs in Bangladesh:

See also

Footnotes

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ahmad, Mumtaz. Madrassa Education in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies: Honolulu. 2005.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mohammad Niaz Asadullah, Nazmul Chaudhury, and Syed Rashed Al-Zayed Josh. Secondary School Madrasas in Bangladesh. The World Bank. Draft: 15 March 2009.
  3. ↑ books.google.com/books?id=HxOOwy-4J4UC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq=qwami+madrasah+are+not+regulated+by+govt&source=bl&ots=8K_iFwvF9T&sig=b1OpeW8Tq-unt4C92PLUnm59Rqs&hl=bn&sa=X&ei=cdKtUf7kBoSFrAeyy4GoBw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=qwami madrasah are not regulated by govt&f=false
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Abdalla, Amr, et al. Pre-primary and Primary Madrasah Education in Bangladesh. United States Agency for International Development. July 2004
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Bano, Masooda. Allowing for Diversity: State-Madrasa Relations in Bangladesh. Religions and Development, Working Paper 13. 2008.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Ellis, Tiffany. Madrasas in Bangladesh IPCS SPECIAL REPORT. No 47. August 2007.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Qawmi madrasas under watch." The Daily Star. Tuesday, 31 March 2009
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ahmed, Samina. Testimony of Samina Ahmed to U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee. 19 April 2005.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Hasan, Zeeshan. Market solutions for Qawmi madrasas.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hossain, AKM Y. and Balal, M. "Madrasah". Banglapedia, 2006. Accessed 28 March 2010.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Sikand, Yoginder Maulana Tariq Rashid Firangi Mahali on Dars-e Nizami and Madrasa Reform in South Asia

External links