Public executions in Iran

In 2013, Iran was only one of four countries known to have committed public executions.^[1]

In modern Iran, public executions regularly occurred during the Qajar dynasty but declined with the Persian Constitutional Revolution and became a rare occurrence under the Pahlavi dynasty. With the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in 1979, public executions returned to prevalence in unprecedented scope.

Qajar dynasty

Under the rule of the Qajar dynasty (1785–1925), forms of public execution included hanging, throwing the condemned from the city walls, tying them to the mouth of a cannon and blowing them apart,^[2] suffocating them in a carpet, or re-enacting the crime on the criminal. There was also Sham'i ajjin, which entailed making multiple incisions in the body and then lighting candles in the cuts until the person died.^[3] Before being brought onto the public scaffold, the condemned was paraded through the bazaar.^[4] By 1890, public hanging replaced more exotic forms of execution.^[3] Whereas the failed assassin of Naser al-Din Shah in 1850 died by Sham'i ajjin, and then had his body quartered and blown from cannons, the assassin of Naser al-Din in 1896 was publicly hanged.^[3][5] Judicial reform came with the Persian Constitutional Revolution. In 1909, executions were restricted to hanging and firing squad.^[6]

Pahlavi dynasty

Judicial reform progressed in the late 1920s after Rezā Shāh consolidated Pahlavi rule (1925–1979).^[7] Executions were largely removed from the public view, and capital punishment was primarily restricted to murder, high treason, and armed rebellion.^[8] One rare public execution during this period was the hanging of the doctor of Tehran's Central Jail shortly after Reza Shah was deposed. The doctor and three others were found guilty of murdering political prisoners.^[9]

Islamic Republic of Iran

Following the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and the establishment of the Islamic Republic, public executions returned to prevalence, primarily for nonpolitical crimes or perceived moral offenses, "such as adultery, prostitution, pimping, homosexuality, and narcotics trafficking."^[3] The overwhelming majority of public executions have been carried out by hanging. Often cranes mounted on trucks serve as makeshift gallows. The condemned, or in some cases multiple prisoners, generally stand on a platform before a crowd in a stadium or square. With cranes, the prisoner may be lifted high off the ground up by the rope around their neck, leading to a slower death by strangulation.^[10][11] In other instances, the condemned is placed standing on a stool, which is then abruptly removed, leaving the individual to suffocate to death but barely dangling off the ground.^[12] According to a 1990 Amnesty International report, "Flogging prior to execution is relatively common."^[10]

In some provincial towns, traditional forms of execution such as stoning were revived for moral offenses.^[13] In stonings, spectators are encouraged to participate by throwing stones at the condemned. In 1990, Amnesty International "recorded the first executions carried out by beheading in modern times in Iran."^[10]

Government authorities have generally avoided publicly executing political prisoners because it generates greater domestic and international outcry. Nonetheless, there have still been instances of political prisoners being publicly executed, in some cases under the pretense of them being drug traffickers.^[3][10][14] In prisons like Evin, political prisoners have been forced to watch or even participate in executions by removing dead bodies. In the 1980s, newly arrived inmates passed rows of hanged prisoners when entering through the main courtyard.^[15]

Societal impact

In August 2013, a 12-year-old Iranian boy from the province of Kermanshah accidentally hanged himself while re-enacting a hanging with his younger 8-year-old brother. According to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, the boy was "an unexpected victim of a culture of public executions that remains pervasive in the Islamic republic." Whenever executions are carried out publicly in Iran, children are often among the spectators. Iranian journalist Mokhtar Khandani said, "In Kermanshah, where I reside, I see in many places that street executions are carried out. At such venues, unfortunately I see a lot of children who are there and witness the scene. In the eyes of some children, it might seem like a game."^[11]

References