Protease-activated receptor

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor
Identifiers
Symbol	F2R
Alt. symbols	PAR1
Entrez	2149
HUGO	3537
OMIM	187930
RefSeq	NM_001992
UniProt	P25116
Other data
Locus	Chr. 5 q13

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1
Identifiers
Symbol	F2RL1
Alt. symbols	PAR2, GPR11
Entrez	2150
HUGO	3538
OMIM	600933
RefSeq	NM_005242
UniProt	P55085
Other data
Locus	Chr. 5 q13

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 2
Identifiers
Symbol	F2RL2
Alt. symbols	PAR3
Entrez	2151
HUGO	3539
OMIM	601919
RefSeq	NM_004101
UniProt	O00254
Other data
Locus	Chr. 5 q13

coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 3
Identifiers
Symbol	F2RL3
Alt. symbols	PAR4
Entrez	9002
HUGO	3540
OMIM	602779
RefSeq	NM_003950
UniProt	Q96RI0
Other data
Locus	Chr. 19 p12

Protease-activated receptors are a subfamily of related G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by cleavage of part of their extracellular domain. They are highly expressed in platelets, but also on endothelial cells, myocytes and neurons.^[1]

Classification

There are 4 known protease-activated receptors or PARs, numbered from one to four. These receptors are members of the seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, and are expressed throughout the body.

Activation

PARs are activated by the action of serine proteases such as thrombin (acts on PARs 1, 3 and 4) and trypsin (PAR 2).^[2] These enzymes cleave the N-terminus of the receptor, which in turn acts as a tethered ligand. In the cleaved state, part of the receptor itself acts as the agonist, causing a physiological response.

Most of the PAR family act through the actions of G-proteins i (cAMP inhibitory), 12/13 (Rho and Ras activation) and q (calcium signalling) to cause cellular actions.

Function

The cellular effects of thrombin are mediated by protease-activated receptors (PARs). Thrombin signalling in platelets contributes to hemostasis and thrombosis. Endothelial PARs participate in the regulation of vascular tone and permeability while in vascular smooth muscle they mediate contraction, proliferation, and hypertrophy. PARs contribute to the pro-inflammatory response observed in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Recent research has also implicated these novel receptors in muscle growth and bone cell differentiation and proliferation.^[3]

In T cells, activation of PAR1, PAR2 and PAR3 induce tyrosine phosphorylation of VAV1. Activation of PARs also led to an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP-70 and SLP-76, two key proteins in T cell receptor (TCR) signalling.^[4]

References

↑ Macfarlane SR, Seatter MJ, Kanke T, Hunter GD, Plevin R (2001). "Proteinase-activated receptors" (ABSTRACT). Pharmacol Rev 53 (2): 245–82. PMID 11356985.
↑ Coughlin SR, Camerer E (January 2003). "PARticipation in inflammation". J. Clin. Invest. 111 (1): 25–7. doi:10.1172/JCI17564. PMC 151847. PMID 12511583.
↑ Martorell L, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C, Gentile M, Calvayrac O, Badimon L (February 2008). "Thrombin and protease-activated receptors (PARs) in atherothrombosis". Thromb. Haemost. 99 (2): 305–15. doi:10.1160/TH07-08-0481. PMID 18278179.
↑ Bar-Shavit R, Maoz M, Yongjun Y, Groysman M, Dekel I, Katzav S (January 2002). "Signalling pathways induced by protease-activated receptors and integrins in T cells". Immunology 105 (1): 35–46. doi:10.1046/j.0019-2805.2001.01351.x. PMC 1782632. PMID 11849313.

External links

"Protease-Activated Receptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
Proteinase-Activated Receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Cell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptors

Class A: Rhodopsin like

Neurotransmitter

Adrenergic	α1 (A B D) α2 (A B C) β1 β2 β3

Purinergic	Adenosine (A1 A2A A2B A3) P2Y (1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14)

Serotonin	(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A B D E F) 5-HT2 (A B C) 5-HT (4 5A 6 7)

Other	Acetylcholine (M1 M2 M3 M4 M5) Dopamine (D1 D2 D3 D4 D5) Histamine (H1 H2 H3 H4) Melatonin (1A 1B 1C) TAAR (1 2 3 5 6 8 9)

Metabolites and
signaling molecules

Eicosanoid	CysLT (1 2) LTB4 (1 2) FPRL1 OXE Prostaglandin (DP (1 2), EP (1 2 3 4), FP) Prostacyclin Thromboxane

Other	Bile acid Cannabinoid (CB1 CB2, GPR (18 55 119)) EBI2 Estrogen Free fatty acid (1 2 3 4) Lactate Lysophosphatidic acid (1 2 3 4 5 6) Lysophospholipid (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8) Niacin (1 2) Oxoglutarate PAF Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1 2 3 4 5) Succinate

Peptide

Neuropeptide	B/W (1 2) FF (1 2) S Y (1 2 4 5) Neuromedin (B U (1 2)) Neurotensin (1 2)

Other	Anaphylatoxin (C3a C5a) Angiotensin (1 2) Apelin Bombesin (BRS3 GRPR NMBR) Bradykinin (B1 B2) Chemokine Cholecystokinin (A B) Endothelin (A B) Formyl peptide (1 2 3) FSH Galanin (1 2 3) GHB receptor Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) Ghrelin Kisspeptin Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin MAS (1 1L D E F G X1 X2 X3 X4) Melanocortin (1 2 3 4 5) MCHR (1 2) Motilin Opioid (Delta Kappa Mu Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma) Orexin (1 2) Oxytocin Prokineticin (1 2) Prolactin-releasing peptide Relaxin (1 2 3 4) Somatostatin (1 2 3 4 5) Tachykinin (1 2 3) Thyrotropin Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Urotensin-II Vasopressin (1A 1B 2)

Miscellaneous

Orphan	GPR (1 3 4 6 12 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 25 26 27 31 32 33 34 35 37 39 42 44 45 50 52 55 61 62 63 65 68 75 77 78 81 82 83 84 85 87 88 92 101 103 109A 109B 119 120 132 135 137B 139 141 142 146 148 149 150 151 152 153 160 161 162 171 173 174 176 177 182 183)

Other	Adrenomedullin Olfactory Opsin (3 4 5 1LW 1MW 1SW RGR RRH) Protease-activated (1 2 3 4) SREB (1 2 3)

Class B: Secretin like

Orphan	GPR (56 64 97 98 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 123 124 125 126 128 133 143 144 155 157)

Adhesion	ADGRG (1 2 3 4 5 6 7)

Other	Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor (1 2 3) Cadherin (1 2 3) Calcitonin CALCRL CD97 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1 2) EMR (1 2 3) Glucagon (GR GIPR GLP1R GLP2R) Growth hormone releasing hormone PACAPR1 GPR Latrophilin (1 2 3 ELTD1) Methuselah-like proteins Parathyroid hormone (1 2) Secretin Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 2)

Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromone

Taste	TAS1R (1 2 3) TAS2R (1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 13 14 16 19 20 30 31 38 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 50 60)

Other	Calcium-sensing receptor GABA B (1 2) Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) GPRC6A GPR (156 158 179) RAIG (1 2 3 4)

Class F: Frizzled / Smoothened

Frizzled	Frizzled (1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)

Smoothened	Smoothened

Index of signal transduction

Description	Intercellular neuropeptides growth factors cytokines hormones Cell surface receptors ligand-gated enzyme-linked G protein-coupled immunoglobulin superfamily integrins neuropeptide growth factor cytokine Intracellular adaptor proteins GTP-binding MAP kinase Calcium signaling Lipid signaling Pathways hedgehog Wnt TGF beta MAPK ERK notch JAK-STAT apoptosis hippo TLR