Procopius (usurper)

Procopius
Usurper of the Roman Empire

Coin issued by Procopius.
Reign September 26, 365 –
May 27, 366
(against Valens and Valentinian I)
Predecessor Jovian /
Valens and Valentinian I
Successor Valens and Valentinian I
Dynasty Constantinian
Mother A relative of Emperor Julian's
Born 326
Cilicia
Died May 27, 366

Procopius (c. 325 / 326 – 27 May 366) was a Roman usurper against Valens, and member of the Constantinian dynasty.

Life

According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Procopius was a native and spent his youth in Cilicia,[1] probably in Corycus.[2] On his mother's side, Procopius was related, a maternal cousin, to Emperor Julian, since their maternal grandfather was Julius Julianus.[3] His first wife was probably Artemisia,[4] having married secondly the dowager Empress Faustina, while the Roman general of the 5th century Procopius and his son, the Emperor Anthemius, were among his descendants, the first being the son of his son Procopius.[5]

In 358, during Constantius II reign, he was sent with Lucillianus as an envoy to the Sassanid court; in this period he was tribunus and notarius.[6]

Procopius entered in Julian's retinue[6] and took part in his campaign against the Sassanids, in 363. Together with Sebastianus, he was entrusted with controlling the upper Tigris with 30,000 men and, if possible, joining King Arsaces II of Armenia and march southward, to reach Julian's army in Assyria.[7] However, Julian died and, when Procopius reached the main Roman army near Thilsaphata, between Nisibis and Singara, he met the new emperor, Jovian.

According to Zosimus, Julian had given Procopius an imperial robe, explaining his act only to him. When Jovian was acclaimed Emperor, Procopius gave him the robe, revealed him Julian's intention, and asked the new Emperor to be allowed to retire to private life; Jovian accepted, and Procopius and his family retired to Caesarea Mazaca.[8]

Ammianus, who based part of his account on the testimony of Strategius, tells that a baseless rumor spread, according to which Julian had ordered Procopius to take the purple in case of his death. Fearing Jovian's wrath, which had caused the death of another army candidate to the throne (Jovianus), Procopius went into hiding, but later supervised the transport of Julian's body to Tarsus and its subsequent burial,[9] and only later went to Caesarea with his family.[10]

After Jovian's death, the new emperors, Valentinian I and Valens, sent some soldiers to arrest Procopius. He surrendered, but asked to meet his family; he had his captors dine and drink, and then seized the opportunity to flee with his family, first to the Black Sea and later to the Tauric Chersonese, where they hid. However, Procopius feared a betrayal, and decide to go to Constantinople, to ask to Strategius for help.[11]

Procopius immediately moved to declare himself Emperor. He bribed two legions that were resting at Constantinople to support his efforts, and took control of the imperial city. Shortly after this he proclaimed himself Emperor on September 28, 365, and quickly took control of the provinces of Thrace, and later Bithynia.

Valens was left with the task of dealing with this rebel, and over the next months struggled with both cities and units that wavered in their allegiance. Eventually their armies met at the Battle of Thyatira, and Procopius' forces were defeated. He fled the battlefield, but was betrayed to Valens by two of his remaining followers. Valens had all three executed 27 May 366.

Notes

  1. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, XXVI.6.1
  2. ↑ Tim Cornell and John Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World (New York and Oxford: Facts on File, Inc., 1982), p. 150.
  3. ↑ Banchich.
  4. ↑ PLRE I, p. 111-112.
  5. ↑ Sidonius Apollinaris 2.67-69
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ammianus Marcellinus, XXVI.6.1.
  7. ↑ François Paschoud, Zosime. Histoire Nouvelle (Paris: Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres," 1979), II.1, n. 33, pp. 106-109.
  8. ↑ Zosimus, IV.4.1-3.
  9. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, XXV.9.12.
  10. ↑ According to Philostorgius, since his wife could not bear their escape, Procopius went to Caesarea, but to live in one of Eunomius' properties (Historia Ecclesiastica 9.5).
  11. ↑ Zosimus, IV.5.1-2.

References

External links

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