Postpositive adjective

A postpositive adjective is an attributive adjective that is placed after the noun or pronoun that it modifies. This contrasts with prepositive adjectives, which come before the noun or pronoun.

In some languages (such as French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian) the postpositive placement of adjectives is the normal syntax, but in English it is less usual, largely confined to archaic and poetic uses (as in They heard creatures unseen), certain traditional phrases (such as heir apparent), and certain particular grammatical constructions (as in those anxious to leave).[1]

Recognizing postpositive adjectives in English is important for determining the correct plural for a compound expression. For example, because martial is a postpositive adjective in the phrase court-martial, the plural is courts-martial, the ending being attached to the noun rather than the adjective.

In languages where adjectives normally follow nouns

See also: Branching (linguistics) and Head directionality

In certain languages, including French, Italian, Spanish, Romanian and Khmer, postpositive adjectives are the norm – that is to say, it is normal for an attributive adjective to follow, rather than precede, the noun it modifies. The following example is from French:

In particular instances, however, such languages may also feature prepositive adjectives. In French, certain common adjectives normally precede the noun; these include grand ("big"), as in:

In many other languages, including English, German, Russian and Chinese, prepositive adjectives are the norm (attributive adjectives normally come before the nouns they modify), and adjectives appear postpositively only in special situations, if at all. The situations in which postpositive adjectives appear in English are described in the following sections.

In modern English

General uses

One common situation in which adjectives appear postpositively in English is when they qualify compound indefinite pronouns:[1] something, anyone, nobody, somewhere, etc. Examples: We need someone strong; Going anywhere nice?; Nothing important happened.

Another situation is when the adjective itself has a modifier that comes after it; that is, when the noun or pronoun is in fact modified by an adjective phrase in which the head adjective is not final.[1] Such phrases as bigger than that, proud of themselves, anxious to leave, if used attributively, would normally have to come after the noun, as in we need a box bigger than that (not *a bigger than that box, although it is possible in this case to say a bigger box than that). Exceptions include certain established phrases such as easy-to-use and variations thereof, which can be used as if they were single adjectives before the noun. Phrases in which the adjective is followed only by enough also often appear before the noun. Conversely, some phrases in which the adjective is final, such as this big and that ugly, tend to follow the noun.

Certain adjectives are used fairly commonly in postpositive position. Present and past participles exhibit this behavior, as in all those entering should ..., one of the men executed was ..., but this may be considered to be a verbal rather than adjectival use (a kind of reduced relative clause). Similar behavior is displayed by many adjectives with the suffix -able or -ible (e.g. the best room available, the only decision possible, the worst choice imaginable). Certain other adjectives with a sense similar to those in the foregoing categories are also found postpositively (all the people present, the first payment due).

Adjectives may undergo a change of meaning when used postpositively. Consider the following examples:

  1. Every visible star is named after a famous astronomer.
  2. Every star visible is named after a famous astronomer.

The postpositive in the second sentence is expected to refer to the stars that are visible here and now; that is, it expresses a stage-level predicate. The prepositive in the first sentence may also have that sense, but it may also have an individual-level meaning, referring to an inherent property of the object (the stars that are visible in general). Quite a significant difference in meaning is found with the adjective responsible:

  1. I'm here to find the responsible people.
  2. I'm here to find the people responsible.

Used prepositively, as in the first sentence, it generally means something like "trustworthy" or "reliable", but when used postpositively, as in the second sentence, it probably means "at fault" or "guilty" (of some misdeed known from the context). Another adjective with a special postpositive meaning is proper: in phrases like the town proper, Sweden proper, it means something like "strictly defined".

Set phrases

There are many set phrases in English which feature postpositive adjectives. They are often loans or loan translations from foreign languages that commonly use postpositives, especially French (many legal terms come from Law French). Some examples appear below:

Certain other adjectives, or words of adjectival type, are typically placed after the noun, although their use is not limited to particular noun(s). Some of them may alternatively be regarded as adverbial modifiers, which would be expected to follow the noun (see below). Examples of such uses include buildings ablaze, two abreast, holidays abroad, fun and games à gogo, arms akimbo, food aplenty, athlete extraordinaire, tulips galore, devil incarnate, a hero manqué, the Cold War redux.

Archaic and poetic usage, titles of works

Phrases with postpositive adjectives are sometimes used with archaic effect, as in things forgotten, words unspoken, dreams undreamt. Phrases which reverse the normal word order are quite common in poetry, as with "fiddlers three" (from Old King Cole), "forest primeval" (from Evangeline).

Titles of books, films, etc. commonly feature nouns with postpositive adjectives. These are often present or past participles (see above), but other types of adjectives sometimes occur. Examples: Apocalypse Now Redux, Body Electric, Brideshead Revisited, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, A Dream Deferred, Hannibal Rising, Hercules Unchained, The Life Aquatic, A Love Supreme, The Matrix Reloaded, Monsters Unleashed, Orpheus Descending, Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Prometheus Unbound, "The Road Not Taken", Sonic Unleashed, Tarzan Triumphant, The World Unseen.

Other postpositive noun modifiers

Nouns may have other modifiers besides adjectives. Some kinds of modifiers tend to precede the noun, while others tend to come after. Determiners (including articles, possessives, demonstratives, etc.) come before the noun. Noun adjuncts (nouns qualifying another noun) also generally come before the nouns they modify: in a phrase like book club, the adjunct (modifier) book comes before the head (modified noun) club. However, prepositional phrases, adverbs of location, etc., as well as relative clauses, come after the nouns they modify: the elephant in the room; all the people here; the woman you spoke to. (These remarks apply to English syntax; other languages may use different word order. In Chinese, for example, virtually all modifiers come before the noun, whereas in the Khmer language they follow the noun.)

Sometimes a noun with a postpositive modifier comes to form a set phrase, similar in some ways to the set phrases with postpositive adjectives referred to above (in that, for example, the plural ending will normally attach to the noun, rather than at the end of the phrase). Some such phrases include:

In some phrases, a noun adjunct appears postpositively (rather than in the usual prepositive position). Examples include Knights Hospitaller, Knights Templar, man Friday (or girl Friday, etc.), airman first class (also private first class, sergeant first class), as well as many names of foods and dishes, such as Bananas Foster, beef Wellington, broccoli raab, Cherries Jubilee, Chicken Tetrazzini, Crêpe Suzette, Eggs Benedict, Oysters Rockefeller, peach Melba, steak tartare, and duck a l'orange.

Identifying numbers (with or without the word number), and sometimes letters, appear after the noun in many contexts. Examples are Catch-22; warrant officer one, chief warrant officer two, etc.; Beethoven's Symphony No. 9; Call of Duty Three, Rocky Four, Shrek the Third, Generation Y. (For appellations such as "Henry the Fourth", often written "Henry IV", see above.)

Other common cases where modifiers follow a head noun include:

Plurals of expressions with postpositives

In the plural forms of expressions with postpositive adjectives or other postpositive modifiers, the pluralizing morpheme (most commonly the suffix -s or -es) is added after the noun, rather than after the entire phrase. For instance, the plural form of town proper is towns proper, that of battle royal is battles royal, that of attorney general is attorneys general, that of bride-to-be is brides-to-be, and that of passer-by is passers-by. See also Plurals of French compounds.

With some such expressions, there is a tendency (by way of regularization) to add the plural suffix to the end of the whole expression. This is usually regarded by prescriptive grammarians as an error. Examples are *queen consorts (where queens consort is considered the correct form) and *court-martials (where the accepted plural is courts-martial, although court-martials can be used as a third person present tense verb form).

This rule does not necessarily apply to phrases with postpositives that have been rigidly fixed into names and titles. (For example, an English speaker might say "Were there two separate Weather Undergrounds by the 1970s, or just one single organization?".) Other phrases remain as they are because they intrinsically use a plural construction (and have no singular form), such as eggs Benedict, nachos supreme, Brothers Grimm, Workers United.

In Old English

The development of attributive ("adnominal") adjectives in the history of English is relevant to the development of nominalized adjectives. The syntactical structural analyses of adnominal adjectives can be based on assumptions from the Chomskyan framework of generative syntax analysis that illustrates the surface properties of adnominal adjectives:

1. OE adnominal adjectives appear in preposition and/or in postposition to the noun. 
2. OE prenominal adnominal adjectives assume two types of inflectional endings, i.e. weak 
   and/or strong, whereas postnominal adjectives assume only strong endings. 
3. OE prenominal adjectives occur in a stack (this claim is at odds with most views in the 
   traditional literature), whereas postnominal adjectives are not stacked. 
4. OE prenominal adjectives surface after their prenominal complements, whereas postnominal 
   adjective surface before their postnominal complements.
Pysz (2006)

Adjectival Noun Placement Examples (1a-1c) illustrate the property (1). (1a) shows that adnominal adjectives can be placed in preposition towards the noun. (1b) shows that adnominal adjectives can be placed in postposition towards the noun. (1c) shows that there are phrases where adnominal adjectives can be placed in preposition and another placed in postposition towards the noun.

(1a)    (on) þisum lænan stoclife 
        (on) this fleeting dwelling-place.DAT 
        (in) this fleeting dwelling-place’ 
(1b)    (in) þissum life ondwardum 
        (in) this life.DAT present 
        (in) this present life’ 
(1c) 	(mid) soðum geleafan untweogendum 
        (with) true faith.DAT staunch 
        (with) true staunch faith
Pysz (2006)

Inflectional Patterning of Placement Examples (2a-2f) illustrate the property (2). (2a-2c) shows that preposition adjectives inflect weak. (2d-2f) shows that preposition adjectives inflect strong.

(2a)    se dol-a fæder					 
        the foolish.M.WK father.M 				 
(2b)	 seo eald-e modor 				 
        the old.F.WK mother.F 				  
(2c) 	 þæt wis-e cild 					 
        the wise.N.WK child.N 				 
(2d)	 dol-Ø fæder  
        foolish.M.ST father.M
(2e)	 eald-u modor
        old.F.ST mother.F
(2f) 	 wis-Ø cild
        wise.N.ST child.N
 Pysz (2006)

For clarity, let us specify that the choice between the two inflectional patterns depends on the syntactic context in which prenominal adjectives appear. The inflection form in which the preposition adjectives appear is consistent. An adjective has a weak inflection form in this environment.

(2g-2i) shows that postposition adjectives can only inflect strong. (2j-2l) shows the hypothetical example of postposition adjective inflect weak,

(2g)    leodhatan grimm-e				 
        persecutors fierce.ST					 
(2h) 	(mid) soðum geleafan untweogend-um 	 
        (with) true faith staunch.ST				 
(2i)	(mid) þone ilcan ceaddan iung-ne 		
        (with) the same Chad young.ST 			 
(2j) 	 *Se fæder is dol-a  
        the father.M is foolish.M.WK
(2k)	 *Seo modor is eald-e
        the mother.F is old.F.WK
(2l) 	 *Đæt cild is wis-e
        the child.N is wise.N.WK
Pysz (2006)

Adjective Stacking Examples (3a-3b) illustrate the property (3). (3a) shows a stack of two prenominal adjectives which inflect weak (3b) shows a stack of two prenominal adjectives which inflect strong

(3a)    se gooda heofenlica fæder 
        the good.WK heavenly.WK father 
(3b)	rice hæþene men 
        rich.ST heathen.ST men 
Pysz(2006)

Aforementioned, postnominal adjectives are not stacked which just mean no postnominal adjectives can occur next to each other.

The placement of adjectival complements Examples (4a-4c) illustrate the property (4). (4a-4b) are meant to show that whenever both an adjective and its complement appear in preposition to the noun, the former usually surfaces after the latter, i.e. [Complement of Adjective+Adjective+Noun]. (4c-4d) are meant to show that whenever both an adjective and its complement appear in postposition to the noun, the former usually surfaces before the latter, i.e. [N+Adjective+Complement of Adjective].

(4a)    Gode andfenge onsægednys 
        God.DAT agreeable sacrifice 
(4b) 	Gode sylfum god bræð 
        God.DAT self.DAT good breath 
(4c)	se apostol gebyld þurh ðone halgan gast 
        the apostle exhorted through the Holy Ghost 
(4d)	ane dohtor wlitig-e on ansyne 
        a daughter.ACC beautiful.ACC in sight 
Pysz (2006)

In conclusion, the analysis of adnominal adjectives development shows that mixed account yield the best result where prenominal and postnominal adjectives receive a different structural treatment. It is the case that prenominal adjectives are treated as adjuncts to NP while postnominal adjectives as reduced relatives.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Rodney Huddleston, English Grammar: An Outline, CUP 1988, p. 109.
  2. ↑ Pysz, A (2006). "The structural location of adnominal adjectives: Prospects for Old English". Theoretical Linguistic 3 (3): 59–85.

External links