Pope John VIII

Pope
John VIII
Papacy began 13 December 872
Papacy ended 16 December 882
Predecessor Adrian II
Successor Marinus I
Personal details
Birth name ???
Born Rome, Papal States
Died 16 December 882
Rome, Papal States
Other popes named John

Pope John VIII (Latin: Ioannes VIII; died 16 December 882) was Pope from 13 December 872 to his death in 882. He is often considered one of the ablest pontiffs of the 9th century.[1]

He devoted much of his papacy attempting to halt and reverse the Muslim gains in southern Italy and their march northwards, which was "destroying the economy of papal patrimony."[2]

Early life and career

He was born in Rome and as a young man witnessed the Arab raid against Rome by the Muslim Aghlabids.[3] Among the reforms achieved during his pontificate was a notable administrative reorganisation of the papal Curia. He asked for military aid from Charles the Bald and later Count Boso of Provence, in response to Saracens who were raiding Campania and the Sabine Hills.[4] His efforts failed and he was forced to pay tribute to the Emirate of Sicily.[5] This threatening Muslim military presence (which he believed was God's punishment against "bad Christians"),[6] coupled with alliances they formed with the local Christians, prompted John to promote "a new and uncompromisingly hostile view of the Saracens." This included a ban on forming alliances with the Muslims. However, his efforts proved unsuccessful,[7] partly because Christian leaders viewed his calls for unity as an excuse to assert papal authority in southern Italy.[8]

In 873, John VIII learned of St. Methodius' imprisonment.[9] Methodius had been imprisoned by his German enemies, who objected to his use of the Slavonic language in the liturgy. John forbade the celebration of Mass in Bavaria until Methodius was released. Following Methodius' release John allowed him to resume his episcopal duties in Illyricum, but forbid him to celebrate Mass in the Slavonic language.[10]

In 876, John VIII traveled throughout Campania in an effort to form an alliance among the cities of Salerno, Capua, Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi against Muslim raids. By 877, all five cities sent delegates to Traietto to formalize an alliance.[11]

In 879 he recognised the reinstatement of Photius as the legitimate patriarch of Constantinople; Photius had been condemned in 869 by Pope Adrian II. This was undertaken mainly to appease the Byzantines, since in them he saw the only hope of removing the Arabs from Italy.[12] In 878 John crowned Louis II, king of France. He also anointed two Holy Roman Emperors: Charles II and Charles III.

He was assassinated in 882[13] - the first pope in history to suffer such a fate.[14] His murder has been blamed upon multiple factors, including, his exhaustion of the papal treasury, his lack of support among the Carolingians, his gestures towards the Byzantines, and his failure to resolve the Muslim problem.[15]

Pope Joan and connection to the name John VIII

According to the legend of Pope Joan, a woman reigned as pope under the name of John earlier in the 9th century. Her true sex was discovered, and she would eventually be erased from the historical record because of this. If she existed, when regnal numbering was applied to papal reigns in the 10th century, she would have been designated John VIII and the Pope John that is the subject of this article would have been John IX. However, there are no contemporary references to a female pope; the legend was apparently created during the 13th century, and included in medieval mystery plays. The tarot scholar Paul Huson was persuaded by this inclusion to believe in the reality of the legend, but this is not supported by modern research. The historical John VIII is not otherwise connected with this legend.

However, according to Patrick Madrid, author of Pope Fiction, a book about the legend of Pope Joan, Pope John VIII *himself* may have been the origin of the legend. He writes,

He appears to have had a very weak personality, even perhaps somewhat effeminate.

Cardinal Caesar Baronius, in his history Church Annals, suggests that John VIII's reputation as effeminate gave rise to the legend. Indeed, it would seem that over time, the common folk added ever more lurid embellishments until the vulgar jokes about the hapless (and certainly male) pope ballooned and metamorphosed into a female "popessa."

See also

References

  1. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia, "Pope John VIII" page undated, URL retrieved on 10 June 2007
  2. ↑ Barbara M. Kreutz (7 Jun 2011). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780812205435.
  3. ↑ Barbara M. Kreutz, Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 57.
  4. ↑ Pierre Riche, The Carolingians: A family who forged Europe, Transl. Michael Idomir Allen, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 203.
  5. ↑ The Expansion of Saracens:Africa and Europe, C.H. Becker, The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol.2, Ed. John Bagnell Bury, (The Macmillan Company, 1913), 387.
  6. ↑ John Victor Tolan; Gilles Veinstein; Henry Laurens (2013). Europe and the Islamic World: A History (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780691147055.
  7. ↑ Andrew Shryock (30 Jun 2010). Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend. Indiana University Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780253004543.
  8. ↑ John Victor Tolan; Gilles Veinstein; Henry Laurens (2013). Europe and the Islamic World: A History (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780691147055.
  9. ↑ Eric Joseph Goldberg, Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876, (Cornell University Press, 2006), 319.
  10. ↑ Eric Joseph Goldberg, Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876, 319–320.
  11. ↑ Barbara M. Kreutz, Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991), 58.
  12. ↑ Barbara M. Kreutz (7 Jun 2011). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 60. ISBN 9780812205435.
  13. ↑ [Dawson, Christopher, "Religion and the Rise of Western Culture", (Doubleday 1950), pp. 108]
  14. ↑ Anura Guruge (16 Feb 2010). The Next Pope (illustrated ed.). p. 88. ISBN 9780615353722.
  15. ↑ Barbara M. Kreutz (7 Jun 2011). Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 9780812205435.

External links

Further reading

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Adrian II		 Pope
872–882 		Succeeded by
Marinus I