Political views of Richard Dawkins

Dawkins in 2006.

Richard Dawkins is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and writer. Dawkins himself has stated that his political views are left-leaning.[1] However, many of Dawkins's political statements have created controversy even among left-wing and atheist communities.

Political affiliation

Labour Party

Previously, in British elections, Dawkins has usually voted for Labour Party candidates.[2] The party has often been described as social democratic.[3][4]

Dawkins participated in a New Statesman project called "20 ways to save Labour", in which 20 public figures, including Dawkins as well as Germaine Greer and John Pilger, among others gave suggestions about how to make the Labour Party better. Dawkins's contribution was as follows:

Stop toadying to Muslims and other "faith communities" as part of a general abolition of all religious privilege. Withdraw government support from schools that abuse children by teaching them they belong to a particular religion (as opposed to teaching them about religions and letting them make up their own minds when they are old enough). Abolish the automatic right of religious organizations to charitable status, and the automatic right of bishops to sit in the House of Lords.[5]

Liberal Democrats

Recently, Dawkins has also voted and expressed support for the Liberal Democrats.[2] Dawkins spoke at the party's conference in 2009 and publicly expressed his support then.[6] At the conference, Dawkins strongly criticized the English libel laws, and the party revised its policy on the issue at the same conference.[7] Dawkins also called for an alliance of all Liberal Democrats based on an agreement on electoral reform.[8]

Social views

Feminism and women's rights

Rebecca Watson in 2009.

Dawkins has said that feminism is "enormously important" and "a political movement that deserves to be supported".[9] Dawkins also released a joint statement with Ophelia Benson that condemned "death threats, rape threats, attacks on people's appearance, age, race, sex, size, haircut…[and] vulgar epithets."[10] In a passage in The God Delusion, Dawkins wrote about how he wished to mirror the successes of feminism in the atheist movement.[11]

However, Dawkins has come under fire from feminists and feminist organizations for many reasons. Several of Dawkins's posts on Twitter were controversial, such as one where he seemed to victim blame the victims of rape when they are drunk. "If you want to be in a position to testify & jail a man, don't get drunk," he tweeted.[12] Amanda Marcotte, in Salon, criticized Dawkins by saying that "For someone who is a supposed rationalist, Dawkins refused to even acknowledge the basic difference between making the choice to break the law and being the victim of a crime."[12] In addition, Dawkins has been criticized for his support of Christina Hoff Sommers, who is often described as an anti-feminist by her critics.[13] Dawkins was denounced by PZ Myers and Ophelia Benson by aiding Sam Harris when he was involved in his own controversy surrounding allegedly sexist comments.[13][14]

Dawkins was also the subject of controversy when he tweeted, "Date rape is bad. Stranger rape at knifepoint is worse. If you think that's an endorsement of date rape, go away and learn how to think."[15] Amanda Marcotte heavily criticized him by saying that "He made a pretty serious logical error…He assumed that the amount of pain that a victim of injustice suffers is directly proportional to the contemporary social norms surrounding it, i.e. if a form of abuse was considered no big deal to most people in a society, the people directly victimized would also feel that way."[16]

Rebecca Watson incident

Most notably, Dawkins was widely denounced for his comments about a video blog post by atheist blogger and writer Rebecca Watson, the scandal resulting from which being termed "Elevatorgate".[17] The controversy started at an atheist convention in Dublin, where Rebecca Watson spoke about feminism and the atheist movement. That night, when Watson was in an elevator, she was propositioned by a man, who said "Don't take this the wrong way, but I find you very interesting, and I would like to talk more. Would you like to come to my hotel room for coffee?" Watson found this extremely inappropriate, and afterwards, she made a video blog saying "guys, don't do that."[18] The comments exploded with divisive opinions, and PZ Myers reacted on his blog Pharyngula.[19] On that post, Dawkins unexpectedly made the following comment in the form of a fictitious letter to a Muslim woman complaining of misogyny:

Dear Muslima

Stop whining, will you. Yes, yes, I know you had your genitals mutilated with a razor blade, and . . . yawn . . . don't tell me yet again, I know you aren't allowed to drive a car, and you can't leave the house without a male relative, and your husband is allowed to beat you, and you'll be stoned to death if you commit adultery. But stop whining, will you. Think of the suffering your poor American sisters have to put up with.

Only this week I heard of one, she calls herself Skep"chick", and do you know what happened to her? A man in a hotel elevator invited her back to his room for coffee. I am not exaggerating. He really did. He invited her back to his room for coffee. Of course she said no, and of course he didn't lay a finger on her, but even so . . .

And you, Muslima, think you have misogyny to complain about! For goodness sake grow up, or at least grow a thicker skin.

Richard [Dawkins][20]

Dawkins was widely criticized by atheists and others for his remarks.[21] David Allen Green in New Statesman wrote that "One of the many problems here is that Rebecca didn't use her video to downplay the plight of Muslim women from the perspective of an American woman…Just because there is severe misogyny in one context doesn't remove the need to deal rationally and helpfully with its lesser manifestation in other contexts."[20] PZ Myers responded by writing, "This isn't slightly bad. It's very bad. Atheist men are alienating the people we want to work with us on the very same problems…that you cited in your comment."[22]

Dawkins tried to clarify his argument, but this elicited several more negative responses:

The man in the elevator didn't physically touch her, didn't attempt to bar her way out of the elevator, didn't even use foul language at her […] [Rebecca] was probably offended to about the same extent as I am offended if a man gets into an elevator with me chewing gum.[23]

Watson herself issued the following boycott of Dawkins as a response to his posts:

[Richard Dawkins] will no longer be rewarded with my money, my praise, my attention. I will no longer recommend his books to others, buy them as presents, or buy them for my own library. I will not attend his lectures or recommend that others do the same.[24]

As part of a reaction to the controversy, Skepchick writers wrote open letters to Dawkins explaining why they believed his comments were offensive and misguided.[11]

LGBT issues

Dawkins strongly argues for a genetic basis for homosexuality and postulates that the gene was preserved through various social and cultural processes.[25] Dawkins has also stated that homosexuality does not conflict with the evolutionary principle. In a talk at Kennesaw State University, he said that "[Evolution] is the explanation for why we exist. It is not something to guide our lives in our own society. […] What we need is a truly anti-Darwinian society--anti-Darwinian in the sense that we do not wish to live in a society where…the strongest suppress the weak…I want to live in a society where we take care of the sick, take care of the weak, take care of the oppressed."[26]

Abortion

Dawkins has expressed pro-choice views. On March 13, 2013, Dawkins tweeted, "With respect to those meanings of "human" that are relevant to the morality of abortion, any fetus is less human than an adult pig."[27] This statement stirred controversy, with Wesley J. Smith, a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute's Center on Human Exceptionalism saying that the statement was "utter nonsense…[Dawkins would] fail high school biology."[27] Dawkins also made a heavily criticized tweet where he stated that it would be immoral not to abort a fetus who had Down syndrome.[28] The Down's Syndrome Association issued a response by saying that "At the Down's syndrome Association, we do not believe Down's syndrome in itself should be a reason for termination, however, we realize that families must make their own choice."[29]

Dawkins later apologized.[30]

Animal rights

Dawkins is a supporter of animal rights. He has stated that he believes many kinds of animals have consciousness. "Consciousness has to be there, hasn't it? It's an evolved, emergent quality of brains. It's very likely that most mammals have consciousness, and probably birds, too."[2] Dawkins has also been a major supporter of the Great Ape Project, a coalition of scientists and others who believe that non-human great apes should have the rights to life, the protection of individual liberty, and the prohibition of torture.[2][31] Dawkins wrote an essay in The Great Ape Project, a book published by supporters of the project in which they expressed their views, alone with Jane Goodall, Jared Diamond, and others.[32] A passage from Dawkins's contribution is as follows:

The word 'apes' usually means chimpanzees, gorillas, orang-utans, gibbons and siamangs. We admit that we are like apes, but we seldom realise that we are apes. Our common ancestor with the chimpanzees and gorillas is much more recent than their common ancestor with the Asian apes — the gibbons and orang-utans. There is no natural category that includes chimpanzees, gorillas and orang-utans but excludes humans.[33]

Child sexual abuse

Dawkins has made controversial and widely criticized claims that many recent child sexual abuse scandals have been overblown and said that "mild pedophilia" does not cause "lasting harm,"[34] noting incidents that he experienced in childhood. The comments generated controversy, with Peter Watt, the director of child protection at the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, responded by saying that "Mr. Dawkins seems to think that because a crime was committed a long time ago we should judge it in a different way. But we know that the victims of sexual abuse suffer the same effects whether it was 50 years ago or today."[35] Dawkins tried to defend his remarks by stating that standards were different,[36] but he later apologized for these comments.[37]

Religious views

Dawkins is a noted critic of religion, atheist, anti-theist, and secular humanist.[38][39] Dawkins believes that there is a conflict between science and religion and that science prevails in the debate.[40][41] Dawkins also thinks that parents forcing their religion on children is a form of mental child abuse and that religion in general is a form of cultural virus.[42]

Dawkins advocates for what he calls "militant atheism" and believes that atheists should not hide their identities so that they can be better integrated into politics and society.[43] Dawkins has written several books criticizing religion, most notably The God Delusion (2006). Dawkins has written that some of his main points in The God Delusion were that atheists can be happy and moral and that they should not be apologetic about their religious identities.[44]

Christianity

Dawkins has repeatedly criticized Christianity, believing that it has been a negative force throughout history.[45] While he has praised the life of Jesus of Nazareth, he has been critical of the supernatural portions of Christianity and the effect it has on the world. Dawkins has argued that Jesus was a theist because everybody in his time was, and that his ethics should be separated from his theology. I think we owe Jesus the honor of separating his genuinely original and radical ethics from the supernatural nonsense which he inevitably espoused as a man of his time," while also creating a T-shirt that read "Atheists for Jesus".[46] Dawkins has also said that he is a "secular Christian"—in his words, "in the same sense as secular Jews have a feeling for nostalgia and ceremonies."[47]

However, Dawkins, along with his criticism of Christian fundamentalists, has also criticized moderate Christians for fueling extremists by showing exterior niceness.

What I do think about the difference, and let's leave out Muslims specifically, but the difference between moderate religious people and extremist religious people is that although of course it's only a tiny minority of any sect which is ever going to get violent or horrible, there is a sense in which the moderate nice religious people – nice Christians, nice Muslims – make the world safe for extremists. Because the moderates are so nice we all are brought up with the idea that there's something good about religion and faith. That there's something good about bringing children up to have faith.[48]

Dawkins also expressed happiness over the drop in the number of self-identifying Christians in Britain in the 2011 census compared to the 2001 census. He wrote a piece in The Telegraph which discussed various figures about the number of Christians, including that the number of Christians decreased from 71.7% to 59.3% and that the number of nonreligious people increased from 14.8% to 25.1%.[49] Also, in the aftermath of the census, The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science conducted a poll which questioned these Christians and found that only 32% of those professing Christian faith believed in the resurrection of Jesus. Dawkins viewed these changes as a positive event, writing that "[t]he percentage of those self-identifying Christians who either believe in the central tenets of Christianity, or who think Christianity should be given special status in our national policy, is now very low indeed. Christianity is on the way out in this country. We must hope that other religions will go the same way."[49]

In Dawkins's guest-editing position for an issue of New Statesman, he conducted an interview with Christopher Hitchens in which he said that "Do you ever worry that if we win and, so to speak, destroy Christianity, that vacuum would be filled by Islam?"[45] Dawkins has also expressed support for some of the Christ myth theory, mentioning the "glaring contradictions" of the gospels, particularly the events in the nativity story, explaining that while some of the New Testament was written to fulfil prophesies of the Old Testament in order to convert Jews to Christianity, much was borrowed from ancient religions to appeal to pagan or Gentile audiences.[50] In The God Delusion, Dawkins also questioned the existence and divinity of Jesus by using the John Frum cargo cult as an example of how a myth could come to be perceived as reality:

Unlike the cult of Jesus, the origins of which are not reliably attested, we can see the whole course of events laid out before our eyes (and even here, as we shall see, some details are now lost). It is fascinating to guess that the cult of Christianity almost certainly began in very much the same way, and spread initially at the same high speed. (...) John Frum, if he existed at all, did so within living memory. Yet, even for so recent a possibility, it is not certain whether he lived at all.[51]

Islam

Dawkins at the 35th American Atheists conference.

Dawkins has often been critical of Islam, and some commentators, theists and atheists alike, have accused Dawkins, along with other New Atheist figures such as Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris of Islamophobia.[52][53] Dawkins furthered his criticism about moderate Christians fueling extremism by being nice to moderate Muslims while simultaneously saying that "It's very important that we should not demonize ordinary, law-abiding, very decent Muslims which of course is the vast majority in this country."[54]

Dawkins said that Islam is not the main problem behind the actions of ISIS: "Religion itself is not responsible for this… It's also this feeling of political involvement."[55] Dawkins has described Islam as "one of the great evils of the world" and said that it is more problematic than Christianity:

There is a belief that every word of the Koran is literally true, and there's a kind of close-mindedness which is, I think, less present in the former Christendom…There are people in the Islamic world who simply say, 'Islam is right, and we are going to impose our will.' There's an asymmetry…I think that it's possible to be naively optimistic, and if you reach out to people who have absolutely no intention of reaching back to you, then you may be disillusioned."[56]

Dawkins became the subject of a controversy on Twitter when he wrote, "All the world's Muslims have fewer Nobel Prizes than Trinity College, Cambridge. They did great things in the Middle Ages, though."[57] After receiving criticism for that, he tweeted in response, "Something you can convert to is not a race. A statement of simple fact is not bigotry. And science by Muslims was great in the distant past."[58] Among the critiques of these comments were Channel 4's economic editor, Faisal Islam, who said, "I thought scientists were meant to upbraid journalists for use of spurious data points to 'prove' existing prejudgements,"[59] and The Daily Telegraph.[60] Dawkins later responded to some common criticisms in a post titled "Calm reflections after a storm in a teacup".[61] Dawkins was also heavily criticized for tweeting, "Of course you can have an opinion about Islam without having read Qur'an. You don't have to read Mein Kampf to have an opinion about Nazism."[58]

Dawkins also praised Geert Wilders, a Dutch politician who advocated for the banning of the Qur'an and immigration from Muslim countries in order to stop what he called the "Islamization of the Netherlands". While saying that he has done things that "justify epithets such as 'disgusting', or 'racist,'" he supported and lauded Fitna, an anti-Muslim short film produced by Wilders which caused an international uproar. He wrote, "as far as this film is concerned, I can see nothing in it to substantiate such extreme vilification...Geert Wilders, if it should turn out that you are a racist or a gratuitous stirrer and provocateur I withdraw my respect, but on the strength of Fitna alone I salute you as a man of courage, who has the balls to stand up to a monstrous enemy."[58]

Eastern religions

Dawkins once wrote that "Hinduism and Buddhism offer much more sophisticated worldviews (or philosophies) and I see nothing wrong with these religions."[62] However, he also stated that "[he knows] little about Buddhism; […] it's entirely plausible to me that [meditation] might have some sort of trance-inducing effects which could even be beneficial." However, he did not feel any benefit from meditation when he performed it himself.[38]

Political views

War on Terror and Terrorism

Dawkins was opposed to the Iraq War. "Well what I really objected to was the lying about the motives for going into Iraq…it was an act of political opportunism."[63] However, Dawkins supported the Afghan War. "I felt that America needed to try and find those responsible [for 9/11], and it did really appear as though Al-Qaeda was being actively encouraged by the Taliban regime in Afghanistan."[63]

Dawkins blamed Islam as a whole for the Charlie Hebdo shooting. His comments resulted in criticisms from several publications, including Al Jazeera, The Guardian, and Salon, deriding him as Islamophobic.[64] Soon after the attacks, Dawkins tweeted, "No, all religions are NOT equally violent. Some have never been violent, some gave it up centuries ago. One religion conspicuously didn't," referring to Islam.[65]

Stem cell research

In the stem cell controversy, Dawkins favors stem cell research, even if it involves human embryos. "The 'embryos' used for stem cell research are no bigger than a pinhead, and completely lacking in sentience of any kind.The illogical and hypocritical inconsistency between [George W.] Bush's stance on embryonic stem cell research on the one hand, and on slaughtered and maimed Iraqis and Lebanese on the other, is the subject of this article."[66]

Government

Dawkins at the University of Texas, Austin in 2008.

British government

Dawkins has been highly critical of the British government under Prime Minister David Cameron. In an issue of New Statesman, Dawkins heavily criticized Cameron for what he saw as Cameron promoting religion, and specifically Christianity, in the UK and particularly denounced government-supported faith schools.

A depressingly large number of intelligent and educated people […] still vaguely presume without thinking about it that religious faith is somehow 'good' for other people, good for society, good for public order, good for instilling morals, good for the common people even if we chaps don't need it. Condescending? Patronising? Yes, but isn't that largely what lies behind successive governments' enthusiasm for faith schools?[67]

Dawkins advocates for the abolition of the British monarchy.[68] Dawkins opposes Scottish independence. Dawkins signed an open letter that strongly urged the Scottish people to vote "no" on the 2014 referendum on the issue, along with public figures such as Helena Bonham Carter, Judi Dench, Stephen Hawking, and Andrew Lloyd Webber, among others.[69]

United States government

Dawkins has been very critical of the United States government under George W. Bush, especially his Iraq War decisions. He criticized Bush by stating that "George W. Bush says that God told him to invade Iraq (a pity God didn't vouchsafe him a revelation that there were no weapons of mass destruction)."[70] Dawkins has also said that he thinks American politicians should pay more attention to America's secular crowd. "I think that may be a lesson politicians need to learn, that they don't only need to suck up to the Catholic lobby and the Jewish lobby and Islam, that lobby. Maybe the nonbelievers lobby is a lot more powerful than they realize."[71] Also, Dawkins thinks that U.S. politicians should not invoke religion in their policies. "Politicians shouldn't be promoting religion as part of their government legislation."[71] Dawkins has also expressed his belief that Bush was not actually elected in the controversial 2000 U.S. presidential election through an editorial in The Guardian:

September 11 was your golden Pearl Harbor. This was how you'd get elected in 2004 (not re-elected, elected). You would announce a War on Terror. American troops would win. And you would be the victorious warlord, swaggering in a flight suit before a Mission Accomplished banner.It worked in Afghanistan. But then those puppeteers moved on to their long-term project: Iraq.[72]

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Dawkins has stated that he is "on the fence" about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and has embraced Christopher Hitchens's statement that "It is reasonable to both deplore both the original foundation of the Jewish State of Israel & aspirations now to destroy it."[73][74] However, he has expressed views that tend to favor Palestine. Dawkins said that "can you explain why Palestinian Arabs should be the ones to pay for Hitler's crimes? You surely aren't going to stoop to some kind of biblical justification for picking on that land rather than, say, Bavaria or Madagascar?[73] Dawkins also expressed anger over Israeli actions during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. He tweeted, "[t]he extent of the destruction in Gaza is obscene. Poor people. Poor people who have lost their homes, their relatives, everything."[73]

Global warming

Dawkins accepts that global warming is a major problem facing the world currently. He supported an initiative in 56 newspapers from 47 countries simultaneously published a joint editorial expressing their views on climate change in order to promote awareness of the problem. He wrote, "[w]hatever you think about global warming and whether humans are responsible, I think we have to salute this remarkable feat of international cooperation."[75] Dawkins has also stated that he accepts that global warming is a threat to the human species.[76]

References

  1. ↑ John Harris (October 24, 2011). "National Conversations". The Guardian (Podcast). Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Powell, Michael (September 19, 2011). "Richard Dawkins, an Original Thinker Who Bashes Orthodoxy". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  3. ↑ McAnulla, Stuart (2006). British Politics: a critical introduction. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 118, 127, 133, 141. ISBN 0-8264-6156-5.
  4. ↑ Hay, Colin (2002). British Politics Today. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 114, 115. ISBN 0-7456-2319-0.
  5. ↑ Bakewell, Joan; Greer, Germaine; Dawkins, Richard et al. (June 11, 2009). "20 ways to save Labour". New Statesman. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  6. ↑ "Show your support – vote for the Liberal Democrats on May 6th. libdems.org.uk. Monday, 03 May 2010". Libdems.org.uk. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  7. ↑ Sparrow, Andrew (September 20, 2009). "Richard Dawkins Condemns British Libel Laws". The Guardian. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  8. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (May 10, 2010). "Electoral Reform: The Liberal Democrats Must Stand Firm". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  9. ↑ Kutner, Jenny (December 8, 2014). "Richard Dawkins: "Is There a Men's Rights Movement?"". Salon. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  10. ↑ Dawkins, Richard; Benson, Ophelia (July 26, 2014). "Joint statement by Ophelia Benson and Richard Dawkins". Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Dear Richard Dawkins". Skepchick. July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marcotte, Amanda (October 3, 2014). "Atheism's Shocking Woman Prolbem: What's Behind the Misogyny of Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris?". Salon. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Myers, PZ. "Richard Dawkins: The Wrongering". Pharyngula. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  14. ↑ Benson, Ophelia. "The Cavalry Has Arrived". Butterflies & Wheels. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  15. ↑ Winston, Kimberly (August 7, 2014). "Richard Dawkins: Atheism's Asset or Liability?". Religion News Service. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  16. ↑ Marcotte, Amanda (July 29, 2014). "Richard Dawkins Explains a Principle He Himself Refuses to Adhere To". The Raw Story. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  17. ↑ Winston, Kimberly (September 15, 2011). "Atheists Address Sexism Issues". USA Today. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  18. ↑ Watson, Rebecca (June 20, 2011). "About Mythbusters, Robot Eyes, Feminism, and Jokes". Skepchick. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  19. ↑ Myers, PZ (July 2, 2011). "Always Name Names!". Pharyngula. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
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  21. ↑ Stern, Remy. "Richard Dawkins Torn Limb From Limb—By Atheists". Gawker. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  22. ↑ Myers, PZ (July 3, 2011). "Oh, No, Not Again…Once More Unto the Breach". Pharyngula. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  23. ↑ Dickson, Caitlin (July 6, 2011). "Richard Dawkins Gets into a Comments War with Feminists". The Wire. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  24. ↑ Watson, Rebecca (July 5, 2011). "The Privilege Delusion". Skepchick. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  25. ↑ Maria, Cara Santa (November 6, 2011). "Richard Dawkins and the Evolution of Homosexuality". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  26. ↑ Mehta, Hemant (December 9, 2014). "Richard Dawkins' Conversation at Kennesaw State University". Friendly Atheist. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Hallowell, Billy (March 15, 2013). "Atheist Richard Dawkins Ignites Firestorm with 'Pro-Abortion' Tweets". TheBlaze. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  28. ↑ "Richard Dawkins: 'Immoral' Not to Abort if Foetus has Down's Syndrome". The Guardian. August 21, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  29. ↑ Bingham, John (August 21, 2014). "Richard Dawkins: It's Immoral To Allow Down's Syndrome Babies to Be Born". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  30. ↑ "Richard Dawkins Apologizes for Causing Storm with Down's Syndrome Tweet". The Guardian. August 21, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Mission and Vision". The Great Ape Project. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  32. ↑ "Meeting Peter Singer". The Great Ape Project. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  33. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (1993). Cavalieri, Paola; Singer, Peter, eds. Gaps In the Mind (from The Great Ape Project). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 81–87. ISBN 978-0312118181. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
  34. ↑ McDonough, Katie (September 10, 2013). "Richard Dawkins Defends "Mild Pedophilia," Says It Does Not Cause "Lasting Harm"". Salon. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  35. ↑ Baker, Katie J.M. (September 11, 2013). "Richard Dawkins Thinks "Mild Pedophilia" is No Big Deal". Jezebel. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  36. ↑ Grundy, Trevor (September 9, 2013). "Richard Dawkins Pedophilia Remarks Provoke Outrage". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  37. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (September 12, 2013). "Child Abuse: A Misunderstanding". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Atheism: Richard Dawkins". BBC. October 22, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  39. ↑ Gray, John (October 4, 2014). "The Closed Mind of Richard Dawkins". New Statesman. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  40. ↑ Hooper, Rowan (December 28, 2013). "Richard Dawkins' Hate Mail". Slate. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  41. ↑ Kay, Joe (March 15, 2007). "Science, Religion, and Society: Richard Dawkins's The God Delusion". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  42. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (May 14, 2006). "Religion's Real Child Abuse". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Richard Dawkins: Militant Atheism". TED. February 2002. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  44. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 406. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.; on-line PDF (101 KB)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Pitcher, George (December 16, 2011). "Professor Dawkins Makes a Festive Vow to 'Destroy Christianity'". Daily Mail. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  46. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (April 10, 2006). "Atheists for Jesus". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  47. ↑ Knapton, Sarah (May 24, 2014). "Richard Dawkins: 'I Am a Secular Christian'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  48. ↑ Furness, Hannah (August 13, 2014). "Richard Dawkins: Churchgoers Enable Fundamentalists by Being 'Nice'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Dawkins, Richard (December 11, 2012). "Richard Dawkins: Census Shows that Christianity in Britain is 'On the Way Out'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  50. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 122. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.; on-line PDF (101 KB)
  51. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 202-203. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.; on-line PDF (101 KB)
  52. ↑ Taylor, Jerome (April 12, 2013). "Atheists Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris Face Islamophobia Backlash". The Independent. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  53. ↑ Emilsen, William W. (August 2012). "The New Atheism and Islam". The Expository Times. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  54. ↑ Hallowell, Billy (August 15, 2014). "Atheist Richard Dawkins' Controversial Claim About How 'Moderate Religious People' Might Be Empowering Religious Extremists". TheBlaze. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  55. ↑ Arel, Dan (October 14, 2014). "Richard Dawkins: Religion Isn't the Problem in the Middle East". Salon. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Dawkins: Islam Is 'One of the Great Evils In the World". Freethought Nation. February 9, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  57. ↑ Hafiz, Yasmine (August 9, 2013). "Richard Dawkins' Anti-Muslim Tweets Spark Furor, Even Among Atheist Supporters". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Ohlheiser (August 8, 2013). "A Short History of Richard Dawkins vs. The Internet". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  59. ↑ Meikle, James (August 8, 2013). "Richard Dawkins Criticised for Twitter Comment about Muslims". The Guardian. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  60. ↑ Chivers, Tom (August 8, 2013). "Please Be Quiet, Richard Dawkins, I'm Begging, as a Fan". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  61. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (August 26, 2013). "Calm Reflections After a Storm in a Teacup". The Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
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