Polarization in astronomy

Polarization is an important phenomenon in astronomy. The polarization of starlight was first observed by the astronomers William Hiltner and John S. Hall in 1949. Subsequently, Jesse Greenstein and Leverett Davis, Jr. developed theories allowing the use of polarization data to trace interstellar magnetic fields. Though the integrated thermal radiation of stars is not usually appreciably polarized at source, scattering by interstellar dust can impose polarization on starlight over long distances. Net polarization at the source can occur if the photosphere itself is asymmetric, due to limb polarization. Plane polarization of starlight generated at the star itself is observed for Ap stars (peculiar A type stars).

Both circular and linear polarization of light from the Sun has been measured. Circular polarization is mainly due to transmission and absorption effects in strongly magnetic regions of the Sun's surface. Another mechanism that gives rise to circular polarization is the so-called alignment-to-orientation mechanism. Continuum light is linearly polarized at different locations across the face of the Sun (limb polarization) though taken as a whole, this polarization cancels. Linear polarization in spectral lines is usually created by anisotropic scattering of photons on atoms and ions which can themselves be polarized by this interaction. The linearly polarized spectrum of the Sun is often called the second solar spectrum. Atomic polarization can be modified in weak magnetic fields by the Hanle effect. As a result, polarization of the scattered photons is also modified providing a diagnostics tool for understanding stellar magnetic fields.[1]

Polarization is also present in radiation from coherent astronomical sources (e.g. hydroxyl or methanol masers), and incoherent sources such as the large radio lobes in active galaxies, and pulsar radio radiation (which may, it is speculated, sometimes be coherent). Apart from providing information on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization also probes the interstellar magnetic field in our Galaxy as well as in radio galaxies via Faraday rotation.[2]:119,124[3]:336–337 In some cases it can be difficult to determine how much of the Faraday rotation is in the external source and how much is local to our own Galaxy, but in many cases it is possible to find another distant source nearby in the sky; thus by comparing the candidate source and the reference source, the results can be untangled.

The polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is also being used to study the physics of the very early universe.[4][5] CMB exhibits 2 components of polarization: B-mode (divergence-free like magnetic field) and E-mode (curl-free gradient-only like electric field) polarization. The BICEP2 telescope located at the South Pole helped in the detection of B-mode polarization in the CMB. This may prove the existence of Gravitational Waves in our ever inflating universe but confirmation is needed.

It has been suggested that astronomical sources of polarised light caused the chirality found in biological molecules on Earth.[6]

An artists impression of how a filter can allow only polarised light through.
An animation showing how a planet's atmosphere can polarise light from its parent star. Comparing the starlight with the light reflected from the planet can give information about the planets atmosphere.


References

  1. ↑ Egidio Landi Degl'Innocenti (2004). Polarization in Spectral Lines. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 1-4020-2414-2.
  2. ↑ Vlemmings, W. H. T. (Mar 2007). "A review of maser polarization and magnetic fields". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3 (S242): 37–46. doi:10.1017/s1743921307012549.
  3. ↑ Hannu Karttunen; Pekka Kröger; Heikki Oja (27 June 2007). Fundamental Astronomy. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-34143-7.
  4. ↑ Boyle, Latham A.; Steinhardt, PJ; Turok, N (2006). "Inflationary predictions for scalar and tensor fluctuations reconsidered". Physical Review Letters 96 (11): 111301. arXiv:astro-ph/0507455. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96k1301B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.111301. PMID 16605810.
  5. ↑ Tegmark, Max (2005). "What does inflation really predict?". JCAP 0504 (4): 001. arXiv:astro-ph/0410281. Bibcode:2005JCAP...04..001T. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2005/04/001.
  6. ↑ Clark, S. (1999). "Polarised starlight and the handedness of Life". American Scientist 97: 336–43. Bibcode:1999AmSci..87..336C. doi:10.1511/1999.4.336.

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