Poilu

Poilus in a trench

Poilu (/ˈpwɑːluː/; French: [pwaly])[1] is an informal term for a French World War I infantryman, meaning, literally, hairy one. The term came into popular usage in France during the era of Napoleon and his massive citizen armies, though the term grognard (grumbler) was also common. It is still widely used as a term of endearment for the French infantry of World War I. The word carries the sense of the infantryman's typically rustic, agricultural background. Beards and bushy moustaches were often worn. The poilu was particularly known for his love of pinard, his ration of cheap wine.[2][3]

Journée du Poilu. 25 et 26 décembre 1915 (trans. "The poilu's holiday, December 25 and 26, 1915"). French World War I poster by Adolphe Willette about a poilu's Christmas leave from the front.

The image of the dogged, bearded French soldier was widely used in propaganda and war memorials.[4] The stereotype of the Poilu was of bravery and endurance, but not always of unquestioning obedience. At the disastrous Chemin des Dames offensive of 1917 under General Robert Nivelle, they were said to have gone into no man's land making baa'ing noises — a collective bit of gallows humor signaling the idea that they were being sent as lambs to the slaughter. Outstanding for its mixture of horror and heroism, this spectacle proved a sobering one. As the news of it spread, the French high command soon found itself coping with a widespread mutiny. A minor revolution was averted only with the promise of an end to the costly offensive.

The last surviving poilu from World War I was Pierre Picault. However, French authorities recognised Lazare Ponticelli as the last poilu, as he was the last veteran whose service met the strict official criteria.[5] Lazare Ponticelli died in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre on 12 March 2008, aged 110.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dictionnaire canadien / The Canadian Dictionary, McClelland & Stewart, Toronto, Ontario, 1962.
  2. ↑ Pierre Nora; David P. Jordan (15 August 2009). Rethinking France: Les Lieux de Memoire, Volume 3: Legacies. University of Chicago Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-226-59134-6.
  3. ↑ Patricia E. Prestwich (1988). Drink and the politics of social reform: antialcoholism in France since 1870. Society for the Promotion of Science and Scholarship. p. 172.
  4. ↑ http://centenaire.org/fr/tresors-darchives/carte-postale/la-representation-du-poilu-dans-les-cartes-postales
  5. ↑ http://dersdesders.free.fr/france.html (French)
  6. ↑ Last French World War I Veteran Dies at 110, The New York Sun, 13 March 2008. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.