Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway

Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in Norway by year between 2004 and 2014.[1][2]

The fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in Norway is the largest per capita in the world, with Oslo recognized as the EV capital of the world.[3][4][5] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over one in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric,[6] and the segment's market penetration rose to 2% in March 2015.[7] Norway ended 2014 as the top selling European country in the light-duty all-electric market segment,[8] and the country accounted for a third of all European all-electric car sales.[9] Norway's fleet of electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because almost 100% of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower.[10]

As of March 2015, a total of 52,865 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway, consisting of 49,296 all-electric passenger and light-duty vehicles, and 3,569 plug-in hybrids.[11] The milestone of 50,000 pure electric vehicles on Norwegian roads was reached by late April 2015.[12][13] The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales is the highest in the world. The country's EV market share rose from 1.6% in 2011, to 3.1% in 2012.[14] The segment sales reached 5.6% of new car sales in 2013,[1] and climbed to 12.5% in 2014.[15] Combined sales of new all-electric cars and vans, plug-in hybrids and used imports from neighboring countries together captured a 13.84% market share of total passenger car registrations in 2014, up from 6.17 in 2013.[16] During the first quarter of 2015 the all-electric market share rose to 20.4%, while the plug-in hybrid segment reached 2.5%, for a combined PEV market share of almost 23% of all passenger cars sold during this period.[17]

Also, Norway was the first country in the world to have electric cars topping the new car sales monthly ranking. From September 2013 to March 2014, five times an electric car has ranked as the top selling new car in the country, three times the Tesla Model S and twice the Nissan Leaf.[18][19][20][21][22] In March 2014 the Tesla Model S also broke the 28 year-old record for monthly sales of a single model regardless of its power source, with 1,493 units sold, surpassing the Ford Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986.[20][23] Norway is the largest European market for both the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S.[24] In March 2015 three all-electric cars ranked as the country's top 3 selling new cars, the Tesla Model S, followed by the Volkswagen e-Golf, and the Nissan Leaf.[17][25][26]

Among the existing government incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars.[27] Sales of plug-in hybrids have had a much smaller market penetration than pure electric car sales because they were not eligible for the same tax exemptions and other incentives enacted for electric cars.[28][29] However, the government approved a tax reduction for plug-in hybrids in effect starting in July 1, 2013, which was expected to improve PHEV sales.[29][30]

As a result of the successful policies implemented to promote EV adoption, the number of electric vehicles on the Norwegian roads increased rapidly, resulting in several unintended consequences and raising several complaints and criticism. Controversies regarding the incentives include: high public subsidies as compared to the value of the reduced carbon footprint of electric vehicles; the potential traffic congestion in Oslo's bus lanes due to the increasing number of electric cars; the loss of revenue for some ferry operators due to the large number of electric cars exempted from payment; and the shortage of parking spaces for owners of conventional cars due to preference to electric cars.[10][31][32][33][34]

Government incentives

The Parliament of Norway set the goal to reach 50,000 zero emission vehicles by 2018. Among the existing incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars.[27] As an example, by early 2013 the price of the top selling Nissan Leaf is 240,690 krone (around US$42,500) while the purchase price of the 1.3-lt Volkswagen Golf is 238,000 Krone (about US$42,000).[10] Electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual road tax, all public parking fees, and toll payments, as well as being able to use bus lanes.[27][28] These incentives are in effect until the end of 2017 or until the 50,000 EV target is achieved.[4]

Several electric cars at a free parking and charging station in Oslo, Norway. From farthest to closest, a Th!nk City, a REVAi, and a Tesla Roadster.

Sales of plug-in hybrids have had a much smaller market penetration than pure electric car sales. Plug-in hybrids are not eligible for the same tax exemptions and other government incentives enacted for electric cars. Because the Norwegian tax system levies higher taxes to heavier vehicles, plug-in hybrids are more expensive than equivalent gasoline and diesel-powered cars due to the extra weight of the battery pack and its additional electric components.[28][29] Beginning on 1 July 2013, the existing weight allowance for conventional hybrids and plug-in hybrids of 10% will be increased to 15% for PHEVs.[30]

In September 2013 the Norwegian Parliament approved, as part of the revised 2014 budget, an exemption from the 25% VAT for leasing electric vehicles effective on 1 January 2014.[35] However, as of September 2014, the exemption had not gone into effect because the Minister of Finance decided to deferred the measure, pending a formal consultation with the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) to ensure that the VAT exemption for leasing was not in violation of the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement. The government's loss of revenue due to the still not implemented leasing exemption is estimated at about 47 million krone (around US$7.3 million) per year.[36][37] One Member of Parliament has criticized the government for the delay. He argued that the initial VAT exemption for all electric vehicles was never approved in ESA. In addition, an ESA spokesman confirmed that the Government has not sent any request as of September 2014, nor has the agency received any complaints about Norway's original EV tax exemption. The MP said he would demand that the decision be implemented when Parliament meets in October 2014.[37] The consultation was presented to ESA in November 2014, and the authority ruled in April 2015 that the implementation of the VAT exemption on leasing of electric vehicles and electric vehicle batteries is in line the EEA Agreement, since the goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The approval from ESA initially applies until the end of 2017, but the government can apply for an extension if the zero rate for VAT is kept.[38]

The goal of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015. The plate "EL 600000" was granted to the 50,000th electric car registered.[12]

The target of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected. The milestone was commemorated by the Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association in Drammen where the 50,000th electric car registered, a Tesla Model S, was granted the license plate "EL 600000." The special electric vehicle series began with "EL 10000." By reaching a stock of 50,000 electric cars, the market penetration of pure electric vehicles reached 2% of all passenger cars registered in Norway.[12][13] As one of the criteria to end the incentives was achieved, no decision has been made by the authorities about the introduction of the 25% VAT on purchase of electric vehicles. Among the options being considered by the government is to introduce the tax in a step-wise fashion, 8% VAT beginning in 2016, to be increased to 12% in 2017 and 16% in 2018. Prime Minister Erna Solberg has assure the government will not make any changes about the electric car benefits in the 2015 budget.[39]

Since early March 2015 negotiations began among parties represented in the Parliament to define the future of all motor vehicles and fuel taxes. The Liberal Party wants all the benefits to continue beyond the established quota. The Ministry of Finance is also making a comprehensive review of all motor vehicle taxes. Negotiations are expected to be concluded in May, and any review on the benefits for EVs are expected to be presented together with the revised state budget on 19 May 2015. The two purchase tax exemptions cost the government about 3 billion krone (around US$480 million) in lost revenue just in 2014, and up to 4 billion krone (around US$640 million) if all the other benefits are accounted for.[13] Despite passing the established cap of 50,000 electric cars, the tax benefits are expected to continue until the end of 2016.[40][41]

Criticism of the incentives

Since 2013 several complaints and criticism have arisen due to the rapid increase in the number of electric vehicles on the roads as a result of the existing incentives to promote EV adoption, and particularly about the non-fiscal incentives. These include high public subsidies as compared to the value of the reduced carbon footprint of electric vehicles; the travel mode shift by people who buy an electric vehicle as a second car instead of taking buses and trains; the potential traffic congestion in Oslo's bus lanes due to the increasing number of electric cars; the loss of revenue for some ferry operators due to the large number of electric cars exempted from payment; and shortage of parking spaces for owners of conventional cars due to preference to electric cars and lack of a cap on parking time.

Excessive subsidies

According to the results of a study published by Reuters in March 2013, prepared by Bjart Holtsmark, an analyst of Statistics Norway, the tax exemptions on the purchase of an electric car are worth almost US$11,000 in comparison to the fully taxed price of a regular internal combustion engine car, which is equivalent to US$1,400 a year over a car's lifetime (8 years). The value of the toll exemption for driving into Oslo are worth US$1,400 per year, the free parking is worth US$5,000per year, and electric cars avoid other charges worth US$400 a year. Without adding value to the benefit of driving in bus lanes, the annual benefit of owning an electric car in Oslo is estimated at US$8,200 per car, per year. The analysis used a Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid as the benchmark vehicle. Mr. Holtsmark also pointed out that "..by encouraging people who can afford it to buy a second car instead of taking buses and trains, the electric car scheme may ironically be aggravating environmental problems and causing traffic jams."[10][42]

The Norwegian project Grønn bil (Green Car) disputed these figures because they consider the analysis is based on unrealistic assumptions. The group argues that the analysis used a very short total vehicle lifespan of 7.8 years, while Norway's' average is closer to 18 years; it is very unlikely that a vehicle can be parked in Oslo between 1,875 hours and 3,000 hours per year to save the estimated US$5.000 considering the existing time limits for parking; and the typical EV owner drives around 15,000 km (9,300 mi) per year, not the 6,500 km (4,000 mi) implicit in the analysis. Using what they consider more realistic assumptions, Grønn bil estimates that the annual benefit of owning an electric car in Oslo is estimated at US$3,336 per car, per year, 40% of Holtsmark's estimation. They also found that the cost per tonne of CO2 emissions reduced is US$2,499, not the US$13,600 estimated by Holtsmark.[42]

Bus lane congestion

In December 2013 the newspaper Budstikka conducted an informal test to measure the difference in travel time between an electric car and a gasoline-powered car during the morning rush hour on a stretch of road between the suburban municipality of Asker in Akershus, and Skøyen, a neighborhood of Oslo. The electric car completed the trip in 19 minutes using the bus lane while it took 51 minutes for the conventional car traveling in the normal lanes. Around noon, the same trip took the electric car just 13 minutes.[43]

Electric cars have access to bus lanes in Norway. Shown a Nissan Leaf, the top selling plug-in electric car in the country since 2012.

Budstikka also did a count of the number of vehicles traveling in the bus lane during the rush hour on December 3, 2013. The newspaper found that a total of 829 vehicles used the bus lane between 7:30 and 8:30 a.m., of which, 618 vehicles were electric cars (74.5%). Buses accounted for only 7.5% of the traffic in the bus lane, and taxis, two-wheelers and mini-buses made up the rest. The Deputy Director of the Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) explained that the normal capacity of a highway lane is between 1,800 to 2,000 vehicles per hour, but because of the ramp entrances and exits, and the buses maneuvering in and out the bus lane to do their stops, the traffic flow starts to become troublesome when the number of vehicles in the bus lane is about 1,000 vehicles per hour. Although by December 2013 the traffic is approaching this limit, TØI's Deputy Director did not want to predict when this critical situation will occur. The Manager of the green car advocate group Grønn Bil warned that "if the only reason people bought electric car is to drive the bus lane, they are probably be disappointed sooner or later."[44][45]

By mid 2014, bus drivers in Oslo have begun complaining about the delays caused by the ever increasing number of electric cars. An interviewed bus driver expressed his concern that the electric cars "can create a vicious circle - tired of being stuck in traffic, bus users could be tempted to buy an electric car themselves, worsening the congestion problem."[31] According to the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, as of August 2014, electric cars represent 85% of traffic in the bus lanes during rush hours. As of late August 2014, Norwegian ministers are under increasing pressure to reduce the non-financial incentives and tax breaks for electric cars in order to reduce a rising congestion problem, but no decision has been made by the central government authorities. The success of electric car adoption was unexpected, as the authorities planned to keep the incentives in place until 2017, or until they reach 50,000 units.[31][46] At the pace of sales reached during 2014, the target of 50,000 EVs registered could be met by April or May 2015.[13]

According to local authorities from the city of Oslo, the negative effects on the bus lanes occur only at certain places and in certain times of the day, particularly at the Norwegian National Road E18, west of Oslo. The problems are concentrated at the exit and entry ramps that in the long term might have serious consequences for bus accessibility. All the involved agencies are monitoring the situation and Oslo's authorities consider that restrictions for EVs to access the bus lanes should be considered only when it becomes a major problem for the buses.[33]

Burden on ferry operators

Electric cars are exempted from payment of ferryboat fees.

As part of the incentives to promote EV adoption, plug-in electric vehicles are exempted from payment of ferryboat fees, but only the car crosses for free, the driver and each passenger pay the ordinary fare. The accelerated growth of electric cars on some ferry routes has caused complaints from ferryboat operators due to the increasing loss on their farebox revenues. According to FosenNamsos Sea AS, an operator with four ferry lines servicing Hordaland county, during the first seven months of 2014 the number of electric vehicles riding the service Krokeidet-Hufthamar from Hordaland increased by 215% compared to the same period last year, for a total of 9,226 electric cars not paying the ferry fee though the end of July. The company argues that "no one could foresee the tremendous growth of electric cars we see on some ferry routes, but the Austevoll satellite connection involves a significant loss of revenue for us."[32]

On 1 June 2014 the company's home county of Sør-Trøndelag repealed the payment exemption for electric vehicles on the county ferries. The company has also requested to Transport of Hordaland a similar end of the exemption or some form of the income loss compensation. FosenNamsos Sea AS has argued that the financial burden should be on the government not the ferry operators. As of 1 September 2014, the county of Hordaland had 5,016 registered electric cars, the second largest in Norway after Oslo. Hordaland transport authorities are studying the request but already have stated that the agency must follow state regulations for ferry rates and the regulations established for electric cars.[32]

Unfairness of free parking

Electric cars are exempted from public parking fees.

As an incentive to promote EV adoption, plug-in electric vehicles are exempted from public parking fees. Politicians in Trondheim, in Sør-Trøndelag county are complaining about the lack of parking spaces for owners of conventional cars due to preference to electric cars. The city has a five-hour time limit for electric cars to use street parking for free, but electric car owners who use their car to commute keep moving their cars during the day, and end up having free parking all day while they are at work. A City Council member noted that in many streets there are large numbers of plug-in electric vehicles parked all day, and sometimes there are more electric cars than regular cars. This situation makes it difficult to find parking for those who come to the city to shop. In addition, the municipality of Trondheim is losing revenue. The City Counselor wants to end the incentives electric car owners have to park downtown Trondheim all day long for free.[34]

Charging infrastructure

As of August 2014, there are in the country 5,611 electric recharge points. The county with the most stations is Oslo with 1,399 points, followed by Akershus with 961, and Hordaland with 762. The Norwegian charging infrastructure includes 92 CHAdeMO quick charging points and 84 fast charging points at Tesla supercharger stations.[47]

Sales

As of March 2015, a total of 52,865 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway, consisting of light-duty all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. The registered plug-in electric fleet consists of 49,296 all-electric passenger and utility vans, and 3,569 plug-in hybrids.[11] The milestone of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached by late April 2015.[12][13] As of December 2014, plug-in car registrations included about 6,449 used imports from neighboring countries, of which, 2,086 were imported in 2013 and 3,063 in 2014.[2][48] Out of the total all-electric stock, over 1,400 units are quadricycles, such as the Kewet/Buddy and the REVAi.[49] A study found that, as of early 2013, the electric car is the family's second car for around 40% of the Norwegian households owning electric cars.[10] As of August 2014, plug-in electric car registrations were concentrated in six counties, Akershus with 7,576 units, Oslo with 7,110, Hordaland with 5,205, Rogaland with 3,372, Sør-Trøndelag with 2,900, and Buskerud with 1,888.[50]

The Buddy was among the best selling electric cars in Norway until 2010.

In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over one in every 100 registered passenger cars is plug-in electric,[6] out of a fleet of over 2.52 million passenger cars registered in the country.[51] All-electric vehicles reached a market penetration of 1.02% of the total registered passenger fleet, and for the entire plug-in electric segment the market penetration increases to 1.07% when plug-in hybrids are accounted for.[52] In March 2015 the plug-in segment market penetration passed 2%,[7] and the all-electric segment alone reached 2% of the country's 2.5 million registered passenger cars by late April 2015.[41] According to research report published by Navigant Research in April 2014, the fleet of light duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in Greater Oslo Region in 2023 is expected to represent 10.7% of the city's total registered light-duty vehicle stock.[53]

Also, due to its population size, Norway is the country with the largest EV ownweship per capita in the world,[3][4] In 2013 the EV market penetration reached four plug-in electric vehicles per 1,000 people in 2013, nine times higher than the U.S., the world's largest plug-in electric car market.[54] Among the top selling countries of all-electric cars in 2012, Norway ranked 5th with a 7% market share of global EV sales.[55] The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales is the highest in the world, the segment's market share rose from 1.6% in 2011, to 3.1% in 2012,[14] and reached 5.6% in 2013.[1] Only the Netherlands, with 5.34% in 2013, has achieved a similar market share for the plug-in electric drive segment.[54] During the first quarter of 2014 all-electric car sales reached a record 14.5% market share of new car sales,[20] and for the first eight months of 2014 the all-electric segment market share was 13.0%, and climbs to 14.2% when plug-in hybrids are accounted for.[56]

Also, Norway was the first country in the world where electric cars have been listed among its top 10 best selling new cars, and the first one to have electric cars topping the new car sales monthly ranking. The Tesla Model S has been the top selling new car three times, twice in 2013, first in September and again in December,[18][19] and one more time in March 2014.[20] The Nissan Leaf has topped the monthly new car sales ranking twice, first in October 2013 and again in January 2014.[21][22][57] Both the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S were listed among the Norwegian top 20 best selling new cars in 2013, with the Leaf ranking third with 4,604 units and a 3.2% market share; and the Model S ranking 20th with a 1.4% market share of new car sales in 2013.[58] In March 2014 the Tesla Model S also broke the 28 year-old record for monthly sales of a single model regardless of its power source, with 1,493 units sold, surpassing the Ford Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986.[20][23]

2011-12

Tesla Roadster providing taxi cab service in Oslo.

A total of 2,240 cars were sold in 2011, up from 722 in 2010. Sales in 2011 were led by the Mitsubishi i-MiEV family with 1,477 units including 1,050 i-MiEVs, 217 Peugeot iOns and 210 Citroën C-Zeros, together representing 66% of electric car sales in Norway that year.[5][59] During 2012 a total of 4,679 plug-in electric cars were registered, including 318 plug-in hybrids and 59 electric vans.[14] Plug-in electric-drive sales in 2012 represented a 3.1% market share of passenger car sales in the country, up from 1.6% in 2011. Registrations in 2012 included 300 imported used electric vehicles, representing 1.0% of total used imports in the country.[14]

Sales in 2012 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 2,487 units registered, including 189 imported used Leafs, and Leaf sales represented 53% of PEV sales that year.[14] Cumulative sales reached 2,860 Leafs since its launch in September 2011,[14][60] accounting for more than 5% of the Leaf's global sales.[61] Norway was the first country in the world where an electric car ranked among the top 10 best selling cars, as the Nissan Leaf ranked 9th in October new car sales, and ended 2012 in the 13th place, representing a market share of 1.7% of all new car sales in the country, up from 0.3% in 2011.[60]

The other top selling models in 2012 were the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with 672 units (7 used imports), Citroën C-Zero 560 (47 used imports), and Peugeot iOn 477 (47 used imports), for a total of 1,709 i MiEV family cars registered.[14] Since 2009, the i-MiEV family sold 3,147 new electric cars through December 2012.[50]

2013

Plug-in electric vehicle registrations totaled 10,769 units in 2013, of which used imports represented 20%. Total registrations included 387 plug-in hybrids and 355 all-electric light commercial vans, together representing 6.9% of total 2013 registrations, and reflecting the continued dominance of pure electric vehicles in the Norwegian market.[1] The plug-in electric drive segment in Norway grew 129% from 2012 to 2013, achieving one of the highest EV rates of growth in the world, second only to the Netherlands (338%).[54] The number of electric utility vehicles is relatively low, but the segment climbed 221% from 159 units in 2012 to 511 vehicles in 2013.[62]

Nissan Renault CEO Carlos Ghosn visited Norway to launch the 2013 Nissan LEAF.

During 2013, the Leaf continued its leadership in the plug-in electric drive market, with 4,604 new units sold during the year, which represent 58.4% of plug-in electric car sales in 2013. The Tesla Model S ranked second with 1,986 units (25.2% share), followed by the Volkswagen e-Up! with 580 units (7.4% share).[63] Since September 2011, a total of 7,275 new Leaf cars have been sold in the country through December 2013.[60][63] Accounting for used Leafs imported from neighboring countries, of which, 1,608 units were registered during 2013, a total of 9,080 Leafs have been registered in Norway through December 2013,[50] representing 9.4% of the 96,847 Leafs delivered worldwide through December 2013.[64]

Registrations reached a monthly record in August 2013, with a total of 990 new and used plug-in electric vehicles, of which, 700 were new car sales. All-electric car sales captured a record 6.0% market share of new passenger car sales in the country in August 2013, up from 3.6% in August 2012. Plug-in hybrids represented a 0.2% share, and all-electric vans a 0.1% of truck sales.[65][66] Sales of new plug-in electric cars represented a 3.4% market share of new car sales between January and August 2013.[67]

The first European deliveries of the Tesla Model S took place at Tesla's store in Oslo in August 2013.

Tesla Model S deliveries began in Oslo on 7 August 2013, corresponding to the first retail delivery of a Model S in Europe.[68] The first Model S was delivered to Frederic Hauge, a Norwegian environmental activist.[69] During its first month in the Norwegian market, a total of 186 units were delivered to retail customers, allowing the Model S to rank as the second most sold electric car in August 2013 behind the Nissan Leaf (448 units).[65] Model S sales together with record Leaf sales, allowed the electric car segment in Norway to reach its best monthly sales ever and a record 6.0% market share of new passenger car sales in August 2013, up from 3.6% in August 2012.[65][70] Model S sales surged in September 2013, with a total of 616 units delivered, making the Tesla Model S the top selling car in Norway during this month, representing a market share of 5.1% of all the new cars sold in the country, and contributing to a record 8.6% market share for all-electric vehicle sales during September. The share climbs to 9.0% when plug-in hybrids and electric vans are accounted for, up from 6% the previous month.[18][71][72] A spoksman from the Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) stated that the peak in Model S registrations "may be a short-lived phenomenon, caused by the grouping together of deliveries made over several months."[73] According to Reuters, the demand for the Model S is so high that there is a five-month waiting list, and as a result of the shortage, a used market has appeared. Some Norwegians were willing to pay as much as US$10,000 to US$20,000 premium to buy a used Model S from existing owners.[74][75]

In October 2013 an electric car was the best selling car in the country for a second month in a row. This time was the Nissan Leaf with 716 units sold, representing a 5.6% of new car sales that month. Model S sales totaled 98 units, and with 925 all-electric car sold that month, the segment captured a 7.2% market share of October's Norwegian sales, up from 3% the same month in 2012.[21][57] In December 2013, with 553 units sold and a 4.9% market share, the Model S was the top selling new car in the country for the second time in 2013.[19] A total of 1,986 new Model S cars were sold through December 2013, allowing Tesla's electric car to rank as the second top selling electric vehicle in 2013 after the Nissan Leaf.[63] According to Elon Musk, by the end of 2013 Norway became Tesla's largest per capita sales market for the Model S, together with Switzerland.[76]

2014

A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of 18,094 new all-electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric vans.[2] Combined sales of new and used plug-in electric vehicles captured a 13.84% market share of total passenger car registrations in 2014.[16] Sales of the new all-electric car segment reached a market share of 12.5%.[15] New all-electric passenger car registrations were up 129.5% from 2013, and the plug-in hybrid segment grew 411.6% from a year earlier.[2] Norway ended 2014 as the top selling European country in the light-duty all-electric market segment, with 18,649 passenger cars and utility vans registered, surpassing France (15,046), Germany (8,804) and the UK (7,730).[8] Norway accounted for a third of all European all-electric car sales in 2014.[9]

In January 2014, the Leaf topped for a second time the ranking of top selling new cars in Norway, with 650 units sold, representing a 5.7% of new car sales that month.[22] Nissan Leaf registrations passed the 10,000 unit milestone in February 2014. The Model S topped the monthly sales ranking for a third time in March 2014, with 1,493 units sold, capturing a 10.8% market share of new car sales that month, and contributing to a record market share for the all-electric car segment of 20.3% of total new car sales.[6][77][20] A new record market share of the plug-in electric vehicle segment was achieved in January, with 1,895 new all-electric cars registered reaching an 18.0% market share, plus 326 new plug-in hybrids reaching a 3.1% share, for a combined market share of 21.1% of total new car registrations that month.[78][79]

The prefix "EL" is added to the license plates of electric cars in Norway to control the privileges electric vehicles are entitled to. Shown a BMW i3.

A total of 2,056 Model S cars were sold during the first quarter of 2014, making the Model S the best selling new car in Norway during 2014 so far, capturing a 5.6% market share of new car sales. The Renault Zoe was officially launched in the Norwegian market in April 2014, and unlike other European countries, the Zoe is sold with the battery pack included.[80]

During the first half of 2014, the Model S, with 3,136 units sold, ranked as the second best selling new car in Norway with a market share of 4.3% of new car sales;[81] and also was the top selling plug-in electric car, with a 33.5% share of the all-electric segment sales.[82] The Leaf, with 2,665 units, ranked fourth among the top selling new cars, capturing a 3.7% market share of new car sales;[81] and listed as the second top selling plug-in car after the Model S, with a share of 28.5% of the all-electric segment sales.[82] The other top selling plug-in cars were the Volkswagen e-Up! with 1,551 units and 16.6% share of the all-electric segment; the BMW i3 with 1,159 units, including sales of the variant with the range-extender (REx) option, and captured a 12.4% share of the all-electric segment; and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV with 818 units.[82] The recently released Volkswagen e-Golf was the top selling plug-in electric car in July 2014 with 391 units sold and representing 34.4% of the Golf nameplate sales (1,136), which was country's top selling new car that month.[83][84] The e-Golf was again the top selling electric car in August 2014 with 467 units sold, representing 43.4% of the Golf nameplate sales that month (1,075). In two months and a half a total of 925 Volkswagen e-Golf cars have been sold, surpassing initial Model S sales which delivered 805 units during its first two months in the Norwegian market.[56][85]

The Nissan Leaf (left) and the Tesla Model S (right) are the two best selling pure electric cars in Norway

Sales of plug-in hybrids increased significantly during the first half of 2014, with 856 units sold. Sales were driven by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, with 818 units sold between January and June 2014, representing 95.6% of the Norwegian plug-in hybrid segment. Only 25 Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrids, 21 Prius PHVs and 15 Amperas were sold during this period.[82] The Outlander plug-in version represented almost 54% of the 1,523 Outlanders sold in Norway in the first half of 2014.[81] The Outlander P-HEV passed the 1,000 unit mark in August 2014.[56] Plug-in electric car sales in 2014 were led by the Nissan Leaf with 4,781 new registrations, followed by Tesla Model S with 4,040 units. The Leaf ended 2014 as the third top selling new car in Norway, capturing a 3.3% market share of total new car sales in the country that year.>[2]

As of December 2014, a total of 12,056 new Leafs had been sold in the country.[2][60][63] In addition, there were 3,626 used imported Leafs registered in the country as of 30 September 2014.[50] With about 16,000 units registered including used imports, the Leaf ranks as the country's all-time top selling electric car, representing 39% of the country's all-electric registered fleet.[50] The Tesla Model S, released in August 2013, ranks second with cumulative sales of 6,023 new units up until December 2014,[2][63] with about 14% of the total registered plug-in electric vehicle stock.[50] As of July 2014, Norway is the Model S largest overseas market, with an average of 436 sedans sold per month since August 2013.[86]

2015

Record registrations and the highest monthly market share ever were registered in March 2015, with 3,391 new all-electric cars sold that month representing 23.4% of new car sales, and 357 plug-in hybrids representing a market share of 2.52% that month, together reaching a combined PEV market share of 26.4%.[17][87] In addition, a total of new 73 all-electric vans and 320 all-electric used import cars were registered in March 2015, raising total March registrations of light-duty plug-in vehicles to 4,141 units.[25] March sales set another record, with three all-electric cars ranking as the top 3 selling new cars in the country, the Tesla Model S with 1,140 units, the Volkswagen e-Golf with 956 (out of a total of 1,421 units sold by the Golf nameplate), and the Nissan Leaf with 526.[17][25][26]

A total of 8,073 new plug-in electric cars were registered during the first quarter of 2015, consisting of 7,202 pure electric cars and 871 plug-in hybrids. In addition, 138 all-electric utility vans were registered. During this quarter the all-electric market share rose to 20.4%, up from 14.5% the previous year, while the plug-in hybrid segment reached 2.5%, for a combined PEV market share of almost 23% of all passenger cars sold during this period. The top selling all-electric cars during the quarter were the Volkswagen e-Golf (2,672), Tesla Model S (1,532), Nissan Leaf (1,082) and the Volkswagen e-Up! (1,082). The top selling plug-in hybrids were the Audi A3 e-tron (369), Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (356), and the Volvo V60 PHEV (123).[17]

Registrations by model

The following table presents registrations of the top selling plug-in electric cars and utility vans by model per year since 2008 through March 2014. Figures for the total number of registered by year accounts for PEVs registered since the late 1990s through March 2014.


Registration of top selling plug-in electric vehicles by model in Norway
between 2008 and March 2014[1][6][14][20][50][63][88]
Total
registrations(1)		1 Q
2014 		20122010 2008
Nissan Leaf11,13941.4%2,059 6,2122,487 381     
Tesla Model S 4,04315.0%2,057 1,986         
Mitsubishi i-MiEV2,3228.6%146 455671 1,050   
Volkswagen e-Up! 1,2994.8% 719 580         
Th!nk City 1,121 4.2%  12 22133 331 93183
Peugeot iOn1,1074.1%23 425 442 217     
Citroën C-Zero 1,104 4.1%123 214 557 210     
Kewet/Buddy1,013 3.8%  15 24125 233 161 209
BMW i3 6973.5%646 51         
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV 4391.6%439          
Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid3711.4%16 184 171       
REVAi 2991.1%        NANA NA
Opel Ampera2470.9%12 94 141       
Ford Transit Connect Electric1580.6%  863141     
Ford Focus Electric1290.5%16113        
Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid1110.4%16 94        
Tesla Roadster1040.4%  33834 NA   
Renault Kangoo Z.E.970.4% 97        
Renault Twizy 610.2% 61         
Tazzari Zero580.2% 5 1034     
Renault Zoe 320.1%1616        
Mia electric 200.1% 7 13       
Renault Fluence 200.1%713         
Smart electric drive 120.04%  12         
Volvo C30 Electric 100.04%  10        
Fisker Karma 50.02%  1 4       
Chevrolet Volt 10.004%  1        
Total registered[6]
(as of March 2014)		26,886 97.6% 6,51710,7694,7002,243733454567
Notes: (1) Total registrations include new car sales and used imports from neighboring countries.
(2) Market share as percentage of the 26,886 plug-in electric vehicles registered in Norway as of March 2014,
including new plug-in electric car sales, used imports, plug-in hybrids, quadricycles and utility vans.

Controversies

Some car dealers in Norway have been importing new and used plug-in electric cars, in particular from Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, France, Italy and Spain. In the case of the Nissan Leaf, these dealers buy mostly new cars at a lower price than Norway's retail price thanks to the moderate demand for Leaf in other countries, where better price deals are offered. Then, the cars are sold in the Norwegian market up to 30,000 kr (~ US$5,000) cheaper than from Norway's dealerships. Official Norwegian dealers have raised questions about the kind of guarantee offered for the imports.[89] Out of 1,412 all-electric cars registered in the country during the first quarter of 2013, 269 were used imports, representing 19% of all registrations during this quarter.[90]

In September 2013, several French news outlets reported that according to the Norwegian newspaper Dagens Næringsliv, some car dealers in Norway have been buying electric cars in France and earning the €7,000 (~ US$9,465) government subsidy. These cars are then imported to Norway and after discounting the freight costs, they are sold at a discount. Dagens Næringsliv cited the case of one dealer near Oslo with 70% of its electric car sales corresponding to vehicles imported from France, and with at least 40 Leafs imported, totaling €280,000 ( ~ US$378,600) in benefits at a cost of the French taxpayers. These dealers are taking advantage of a loophole in the French law, which only requires to have an address in the country when buying a new car.[91][92]

Tesla Model S, Nissan Leaf, Peugeot iOn, Buddy and Th!nk City parked in an street area reserved for charging electric cars in Oslo, Norway.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Staff (2014-01-08). "Over 20.000 ladbare biler på norske veier" [Over 20,000 rechargeable electric cars on Norwegian road] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2014" [Car sales in 2014] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2015-01-13. A total of 10,639 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2013, consisting of: 7,885 new electric cars, 2,086 used imported all-electric cars, 328 new plug-in hybrid cars and 340 new all-electric vans. A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of: 18,094 new electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric vans.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Agence France-Presse (2011-05-15). "Electric cars take off in Norway". The Independent. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE) (2012-09-03). "Norwegian Parliament extends electric car iniatives until 2018". AVERE. Retrieved 2013-04-10.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ole Henrik Hannisdahl (2012-01-09). "Eventyrlig elbilsalg i 2011" [Adventurous electric vehicle sales in 2011] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Retrieved 2012-01-14. See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by month and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Staff (2014-04-02). "Elbilsalget i mars slo alle rekorder" [Electric vehicle sales in March broke all records] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jeff Cobb (2015-04-17). "Norway Electric Car Incentives Will Hit Sales Cap Next Week". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 AVERE-France (2015-01-30). "Immatriculations de véhicules électriques en Europe : +60% en 2014 !" [Registrations of electric vehicles in Europe: +60% in 2014] (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Balazs Koranyi (2015-04-20). "Norway to review electric car subsidies as sales soar". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Alister Doyle and Nerijus Adomaitis (2013-03-13). "Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost?". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
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External links