Planum temporale

Planum temporale

Approximate location of Wernicke's area highlighted in gray
Identifiers
NeuroNames ancil-432
Dorlands
/Elsevier		 p_22/12644657
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
Diagram labeling planum temporale in green.

The planum temporale is the cortical area just posterior to the auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) within the Sylvian fissure.[1] It is a triangular region which forms the heart of Wernicke's area, one of the most important functional areas for language.[2] Original studies on this area found that the planum temporale was one of the most asymmetric regions in the brain, with this area being up to ten times larger in the left cerebral hemisphere than the right.[3]

Location

The planum temporale makes up the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus to the parietal lobe.[4] The posterior extent of the planum temporale has been variably defined, which has led to disputes to estimates of size and degree of asymmetry.[4]

Asymmetry

The planum temporale shows a significant asymmetry. In 65% of all individuals the left planum temporale appears to be more developed, while the right planum temporale is more developed in only 10%. In some people’s brains, the planum temporale is more than five times larger on the left than on the right, making it the most asymmetrical structure in the brain. Evidence for this asymmetry has also been seen in great apes.[5]

This greater size of the left planum temporale compared with the right is already present in the fetus, where it can be observed starting from the 31st week of gestation. This observation strengthens the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition for brain asymmetry, however the effect of fetal experience has not been ruled out.[2][6] Leftward asymmetry, however, does not directly relate to asymmetry of language processing in all individuals.[4]

In addition, more and more research is suggesting that the apparent asymmetries in this region are the result of old techniques and criteria used to identify the planum temporale. When new imaging is used that takes into account asymmetries in the curvatures of lateral fissures, the hemispheric asymmetries of the planum temporale become negligible. This newer imaging would indicate that the size of the region would not explain the higher faculties of language in the left hemisphere, but would instead require an analysis of the neural circuitry.[7]

Functions

The planum temporale is a highly lateralized brain structure involved with language and with music. Although the planum temporale is found to have an asymmetry in the normal population, having a leftward bias in right-handed individuals, people who possess absolute pitch have an increased leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale. This is due to a smaller than average volume of the right planum temporale and not a larger than average volume of the left.[8] The planum temporale may also play an important role in auditory processing with recent research suggesting that the region is responsible for representing the location of sounds in space.[9]

Atypical development

The planum temporale seems to be symmetrical in individuals with dyslexia, which may indicate that their low specialization in the left hemisphere is a cause of their disability. This symmetry also holds for people who stutter, although it is also possible to see a larger right planum temporale in stutters. It is thought that this bias for right hemisphere could be interrupting or impeding information flow between Wernickes and Broca's, which are on the left hemisphere.

MRI studies have shown that the planum temporale in schizophrenics is more symmetrical.[10] This reduced lateralization correlates with more severe positive symptoms, such as hallucinations, as measured by the PANSS.[10]

Nonhuman brains

Although the brain area was thought to be unique to humans, almost like the anatomic version of the linguistic "language organ" of Noam Chomsky, it was shown to be similarly leftward asymmetric in chimpanzees and other great apes but not other primates,[11] as was a related, rightward asymmetric, brain region the planum parietale that is implicated with dyslexia in humans.[12] Monkeys show cellular asymmetry but not gross anatomic asymmetry of the planum temporale.[13] (Brain Research, 2008). The question still remains open; what are great apes or monkeys using this "non-human primate language area" for?[14][15][16][17]

References

  1. ↑ Kolb B, Whishaw IQ (2003). Fundamentals of human neuropsychology (5th ed.). [New York]: Worth. p. 495. ISBN 0-7167-5300-6.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 The Brain From Top To Bottom
  3. ↑ Jill B. Becker (2002). Behavioral Endocrinology 2e. MIT Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-262-52321-9. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 David L. Clark; Nash N. Boutros; Mario F. Mendez (20 May 2010). The Brain and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Neuroanatomy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-0-521-14229-8. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  5. ↑ Carroll, S. B. (2003). "Genetics and the Making of Homo sapiens". Nature 422 (6934): 849–857. doi:10.1038/nature01495. PMID 12712196.
  6. ↑ Dorsaint-Pierre R, Penhune VB, Watkins KE et al. (May 2006). "Asymmetries of the planum temporale and Heschl's gyrus: relationship to language lateralization". Brain 129 (Pt 5): 1164–76. doi:10.1093/brain/awl055. PMID 16537567.
  7. ↑ Gazzaniga Michael S, Ivry Richard B, Mangun George R (2009). "Principles of Cerebral Organization". Cognitive Neuroscience: Biology of the Mind (3 ed.). New York, London: WW Norton and Company. p. 446.
  8. ↑ Keenan JP, Thangaraj V, Halpern AR, Schlaug G (December 2001). "Absolute pitch and planum temporale". Neuroimage 14 (6): 1402–8. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0925. PMID 11707095.
  9. ↑ "Brain Center For 'Sound Space' Identified.". Science Daily. 22 September 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2007.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Michael S. Ritsner (1 January 2009). The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes. Springer. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-1-4020-9831-4. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  11. ↑ Gannon PJ, Holloway RL, Broadfield DC, Braun AR (January 1998). "Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog". Science 279 (5348): 220–2. doi:10.1126/science.279.5348.220. PMID 9422693.
  12. ↑ Gannon PJ, Kheck N, Hof PR (March 2008). "Leftward interhemispheric asymmetry of macaque monkey temporal lobe language area homolog is evident at the cytoarchitectural, but not gross anatomic level". Brain Res. 1199: 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.041. PMID 18262172.
  13. ↑ Gannon PJ, Kheck NM, Braun AR, Holloway RL (November 2005). "Planum parietale of chimpanzees and orangutans: a comparative resonance of human-like planum temporale asymmetry". Anat Rec a Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 287 (1): 1128–41. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20256. PMID 16215971.
  14. ↑ Blakeslee S (1998-01-13). "Brain of Chimpanzee Sheds Light on Mystery of Language". The New York Times.
  15. ↑ Chimps Like Us / We're Like Chimps
  16. ↑ Gibson, Kathleen Rita; Falk, Dean (2001). Evolutionary anatomy of the primate cerebral cortex. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 0-521-64271-X.
  17. ↑ Sciencenews 1998 PDF