Pirot

Pirot Пирот
Municipality and Town
Panoramic view on Pirot
Coat of arms
Location of the municipality of Pirot within Serbia
Coordinates: 43°10′N 22°36′E / 43.167°N 22.600°E / 43.167; 22.600Coordinates: 43°10′N 22°36′E / 43.167°N 22.600°E / 43.167; 22.600
Country	Serbia
District	Pirot
Settlements	72
Government
• Mayor	Vladan Vasić
Area[1]
• Municipality	1,232 km2 (476 sq mi)
Population (2011 census)[2]
• Town	38,785
• Municipality	57,928
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	18300
Area code	+381 10
Car plates	PI
Website	www.pirot.rs

Pirot (Serbian Cyrillic: Пирот) is a town and municipality located in south-eastern Serbia. According to 2011 census, the town has a total population of 38,785, while the population of the municipality is 57,928. The town is the administrative center of the Pirot District.

The municipality has rich geographical features, including the mountains of Stara Planina, Vlaška Planina, Belava, Suva Planina, and rivers which flow through the town, including Nišava, Jerma, Rasnička Reka, Temštica and the Visočica, and four lakes, the Zavoj Lake, Berovacko Lake, Krupac Lake; Sukovo Lake etc...

The town has a rich culture, with notable Orthodox church buildings, including the Church of St. Petka, and the monastery of St. Georges ans St. John the Theologian from the late 14th century, both of whom display a fine example of medieval Serbian architecture. Pirot is known for its traditional woven carpet, the Pirot Kilim (Pirotski ćilim).^[3]

Settlements

Aside from the town of Pirot, the municipality has over 70 settlements. In 2011, the municipality has 57,911 inhabitants: 93.8% Serbs, 3.0% Roma and 0.8% Bulgarians.

Geography

The municipality, which covers an area of 1,235 km² (476.84 sq mi), has several mountains in the vicinity: Stara Planina, Vlaška planina, Belava, Suva Planina, etc. The following rivers flow through Pirot: the Nišava, Jerma, Rasnička Reka, Temštica and the Visočica. Pirot also has four lakes: Zavoj Lake, Berovacko Lake, Krupac Lake and Sukov Lake.

History

Prehistoric and Roman times

Thracians ruled the region prior to the Roman conquest and Romanization of Serbia in the 1st century BC. Turres, the first settlement in the vicinity, date to the 2nd century AD.^[4] At the Maglić monastery of village Blato, an 2nd-century AD stone depiction of the Thracian horseman was found in September 2008.^[5] An inscription dating to 211 AD, mentions the Thracian cult of Sebazianos (Sabazios), the theophoric name corresponds with the variations seen in Pautalia. The inscription was dedicated by a horion (cult society), headed by a leader (high priest), these were not Roman citizens.^[6] The first written account describing Turres was the 4th century Roman itinerary knowns as Tabula Peutingeriana. Its name was Latin for "towers". Firstly, it was set to enable control and defence of the main road in this part of the empire. Besides, travellers could sleep here over night, as well as get refreshments and new horses or vehicles. In time, the settling advanced because of the important road passing through. It was also disturbed very persistently by invasions of the Gothic tribes throughout the 4th century, as well as the Huns in the 5th century.

Eastern Roman (Byzantine) rule

According to the written accounts On Buildings by Procopius of Caesarea, writing during the reign of the emperor Justinian I (527 – 565), the emperor ordered the reconstruction of thirty fortresses in the area from Niš to Sofia, including the towers of Pirot. He also gave the detailed description of those construction works. In times when the Slavs and Avars were invading the Balkans, the settlement was named Quimedava, and was situated on the southern slope of the Sarlah Hill.

Corresponding to the archaeological investigations, the town back then, surrounded by forts and fortified walls, also included an early Christian basilica, thermae (public baths), a necropolis, and other facilities. Beside the military fortress, a civil settlement (vicus) existed on the site called Majilka. By the late 6th century and early 7th century, successive barbarian invasions broke through the Byzantine Danube frontier, and various proto-Slavic tribes (Sclaveni) began to settle in numbers across the Balkans.

The Sclaveni started raiding Byzantine towns in the 520s and are mentioned as having attacked Thrace in 549. In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum, pillaging cities and settling down.^[7]

High and Late Middle Ages

In the early 11th century it becomes part of the Theme of Sirmium, a main administrative unit of the Byzantine Empire, formed by Emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025). He also forms the Archbishopric of Ochrid, an autonomous church under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople (1018). The region was then part of the Archbishopric of Niš.

In 1182-1183, the joint Serb-Hungarian army took control of Pirot area, Stefan Nemanja, together with Frederick Barbarossa passed through Pirot.

In 1214-1216 Serbian Grand Prince (later King) Stefan Nemanjić with the autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1217, made Pirot's region ecclesiastically part of the Serbian church. Momchil, a Bulgarian brigand leader, rebuilt the ancient Pirot Fortress sometime before 1344. Pirot was afterwards part of the Serbian Empire under Stefan Dušan (r. 1331-1355) and his son Uroš V, assigned to the Dejanović noble family. Konstantin Dejanović built the nearby Poganovo Monastery^[8] during Ottoman vassalage. According to some sources, Pirot was briefly annexed by the Ottomans in 1385, alternatively it switched hands to Prince Lazar. It was subsequently part of Stefan Lazarević's Serbian Despotate, however the region was then conquered by Ottoman Musa by 1412.^[9]

There is disagreement between Serbian and Bulgarian sources whether area belonged to Serbian or Bulgarian states in the 14th century period. According to Serbian sources, in the 14th and 15th century, Pirot belonged to the several Serbian states - the Serbian Empire of Stefan Dušan, Moravian Serbia of Lazar Hrebeljanović, and Serbian Despotate of Stefan Lazarević, while according to Bulgarian historian Koledarov, the town was under Bulgarian rule in the 13th and 14th century and belonged to the Bulgarian state almost to the end of Second Bulgarian Empire. Still more, the Serbian archaeological excavations haven't found evidences for mass Serbian presence from 13th-15th century in the region, for example typical Serbian pottery from 14th-15th century.

Ottoman rule

The region changed hands several times between Serbian and Ottoman rulers. It was finally conquered by Ottomans in the 15th century and remained under Ottoman rule until the 19th century (December 1877). It was known as Şehirköy during Ottoman rule.

It was administratively part of to the Sanjak of Niš.^[10] On April 7, 1831, it was the site of a battle in the Bosnian uprising. The Pirot Uprising was suppressed by the Ottomans in 1836. The Niš Uprising in 1841, was also suppressed by the Ottomans. It was administratively part of the Niš Eyalet 1846–1864. With the establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate was the center of the Nishava diocese, which includes Tran and Pirot Municipality.

Modern history

Authors from the epoch maintain the view that prior to the 19th century the inhabitants of Torlakian area had mixed Serbian and Bulgarian ethnic affiliation, in line with their dialect.^[11][12][13] The prominent Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić wrote in a letter to the Bulgarian Nayden Gerov in 1859, that Pirot area contained a Bulgarian community.^[14] The first known literary monument, influenced by Torlakian dialects is the Manuscript from Temska Monastery from 1762, in which its author, the Monk Kiril Zhivkovich from Pirot, considered his language as: "simple Bulgarian".^[15]

During the initial offensive of the Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–1877), Russian Commander-In-Chief of the Serbian army Mikhail Chernyayev failed to liberate Bela Palanka and Pirot.^[16] During the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), which erupted shorty thereafter, the Serbian army took the territories of Niš, Babina glava, Bela Palanka and Pirot. The Treaty of Berlin (1878) legalised Serbian rule in Pirot.^[17] The 1879 Serbian regional population census registered that Pirot had a population of 76,892 people, and 11,005 households.^[17]

Following World War I, four territories, now known to the Bulgarian community as the Western Outlands, passed to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from Bulgaria as a war indemnity, and the remains of the old border can be seen at Vlasina lake. In the Interwar Period, the Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organisation, countering Yugoslav rule in the region, was engaged in repeated attacks against the Yugoslav police and army. From 1929 to 1941, Pirot was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II Bulgaria retook the Western Outlands, as well as Pirot and Vranje. After the Second World War, these regions were returned to Yugoslavia. After Serbia's independence, these areas remained within the Serbian state.

Culture

Notable brands of Pirot include the Pirot Kilim, Pirot opanak, Pirot cheese, and ironed sausage.

Tourism

• Pirot Fortress, dating to the 14th century Serbian Empire
• Temska Monastery, 16th-century Orthodox monastery
• Zavoj Lake
• National Park Old Mountain
• Mountain home

Gallery

• 

  Southeastern walls of Pirot Fortress.

• 

  Monument to Captain Milutin Karanović and others died in Serbo-Turkish War on 1877.

• 

  Post card from Pirot on 1900.

• 

  The District Hall.

• 

  The central pedestrian area in the town.

• 

  The courthouse in Pirot.

• 

  The National Employment Service building in Pirot.

• 

  Nišava River in Pirot.

• 

  Church of the Nativity of Christ.

• 

  Fountain in town.

People

• Nikola Đurđić, Serbian football player
• Kiril Zhivkovich, Bulgarian^[15] writer, author of the first known literary document written in Torlakian,^[18] the Manuscript from Temska Monastery (1762)
• Krastyo Krastev, Bulgarian writer and philosopher, founder of the modernist group "Misal"

References

Sources

• Kanitz, Felix Philipp (1985). Srbija: zemlja i stanovništvo od rimskog doba do kraja XIX veka, Volume 2 (in Serbian) (3 ed.). Srpska književna zadruga. 
• Петровић, Светислав (1996). "Историја града Пирота". Пирот: Хемикалс. NBPI-knjige-007. 
• Живковић, Витомир В. (1994). "Торлак" (in Serbian). Пирот. NBPI-knjige-030. 
• Kostić, Kosta N. (1973). "Istorija Pirota" (in Serbian). Pirot: SR Serbia. NBPI-knjige-042. 
• Stanković, Stevan M. (1996). "Пирот и околина" (in Serbian). Pirot: Sloboda. NBPI-knjige-050. 

External links

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