Photorhabdus luminescens

Photorhabdus luminescens
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Division: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Photorhabdus
Species: P. luminescens
Binomial name
Photorhabdus luminescens
(Thomas et Poinar, 1979) Boemare et al. 1993 emend.[1]
Synonyms

Xenorhabdus luminescens

Photorhabdus luminescens (previously called Xenorhabdus luminescens) is a Gammaproteobacteria, belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, and is a lethal pathogen of insects.

It lives in the gut of an entomopathogenic nematode of the family Heterorhabditidae. When the nematode infects an insect, P. luminescens is released into the blood stream and rapidly kills the insect host (within 48 hours) by producing toxins, such as TcA.[2] P. luminescens also produces a proteic toxin through the expression of a single gene called makes caterpillars floppy (mcf).[3]

It also secretes enzymes which break down the body of the infected insect and bioconvert it into nutrients which can be used by both nematode and bacteria. In this way, both organisms gain enough nutrients to replicate (or reproduce in the case of the nematode) several times. The bacteria enter the nematode progeny as they develop.

3,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-trans-stilbene is produced by P. luminescens bacterial symbiont of the nematode Heterorhabditis megidis. Experiments with Galleria mellonella infected larvae supports the hypothesis that the compound has antibiotic properties that help minimize competition from other microorganisms and prevents the putrefaction of the nematode-infected insect cadaver.[4]

P. luminescens is bioluminescent; however, the purpose of this is not yet properly understood. It has been reported that infection by this bacterium of the wounds of soldiers in the American Civil War caused the wounds to glow, and that this aided the survival of the soldiers due to the production of antibiotics by P. luminescens.[5][6] This led to the phenomenon's nickname "Angel's Glow."[7]

P. luminescens genome has been sequenced. It contains a MACPF protein, however, this molecule appears non-lytic.[8] It also contains the gcvB RNA gene which encodes a small non-coding RNA involved in the regulation of a number of amino acid transport systems as well as amino acid biosynthetic genes.

It is a source for bioluminescence imaging.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Boemare, N. E.; Akhurst, R. J.; Mourant, R. G. (1993). "DNA Relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), Symbiotic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, and a Proposal to Transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a New Genus, Photorhabdus gen. Nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 43 (2): 249. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-2-249.
  2. ↑ Blackburn, MB; Domek, JM; Gelman, DB; Hu, JS (2005). "The broadly insecticidal Photorhabdus luminescens toxin complex a (Tca): Activity against the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, and sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci". Journal of Insect Science 5: 32. PMC 1615239. PMID 17119614.
  3. ↑ Daborn, P. J.; Waterfield, N.; Silva, C. P.; Au, C. P. Y.; Sharma, S.; Ffrench-Constant, R. H. (2002). "A single Photorhabdus gene, makes caterpillars floppy (mcf), allows Escherichia coli to persist within and kill insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (16): 10742. doi:10.1073/pnas.102068099.
  4. ↑ Hu, K; Webster, JM (2000). "Antibiotic production in relation to bacterial growth and nematode development in Photorhabdus--Heterorhabditis infected Galleria mellonella larvae". FEMS microbiology letters 189 (2): 219–23. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09234.x. PMID 10930742.
  5. ↑ Durham, Sharon (2001-05-29). "Students May Have Answer for Faster-Healing Civil War Wounds that Glowed". Agricultural Research Service.
  6. ↑ Kwok, Roberta (21 January 2012). "New Scientist - 21 January 2012 -Driller Killer". New Scientist.
  7. ↑ Soniak, Matt (2012-04-05). "Why Some Civil War Soldiers Glowed in the Dark". Mental Floss.
  8. ↑ Rosado CJ, Buckle AM, Law RH et al. (2007). "A Common Fold Mediates Vertebrate Defense and Bacterial Attack". Science 317 (5844): 1548–51. doi:10.1126/science.1144706. PMID 17717151.

External links