Philippine presidential election, 1986
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The Presidential and Vice-Presidential elections held on 7 February 1986 in the Philippines were snap elections, and are popularly known as the Snap Elections, that followed the end of Martial Law and brought about the People Power Revolution, the downfall of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, and the accession of Corazon C. Aquino as President.
Background
President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared a snap election during an interview on the American Broadcasting Company political affairs programme, This Week with David Brinkley in November 1985.[1][2][3] On 3 December, the Batasang Pambansa passed a law setting the date of the election on 7 February 1986 [4] On 4 February 1986, Marcos declared 6 and 7 February as nationwide non-working special public holidays to "give all registered voters fullest opportunity to exercise their right of suffrage."[5]
Campaign
The campaign period lasted 45 days, from 19 December 1985 to 5 February 1986.[6][4][7]
Television stations Radio Philippines Network and Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation declined to give airtime to the candidates of the opposition. In their letters addressed to Lupita Kashiwahara, media director for the Cory Aquino for President Movement, both companies cited a policy that prohibited the sale of airtime for political programs to avoid disruption of regular programs already doing well in the ratings. They also mentioned that a similar request by Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) was also declined.[7]
Aftermath
The polls were marred by electoral fraud as well as violence. The International Observer Delegation concluded that "the election of February 7 was not conducted in a free and fair manner."[7]
By virtue of Resolution No. 38, the Batasang Pambansa proclaimed Marcos and former Minister of Foreign Affairs and Senate President Arturo Tolentino as the duly elected President and Vice-President after receiving the highest number of votes for their respective positions.[8] The opposition, headed by Corazón C. Aquino (the widow of assassinated Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr.) and former senator Salvador Laurel refused to accept the fraudulent results. The International Observer Delegation concluded that the proclamation was invalid, among other reasons, because the Batasan "ignored explicit provisions of the Philippine Electoral Code [Batas Pambansa Blg. 881] requiring that tampered or altered Election Returns be set aside during the final counting process, despite protests by representatives of the opposition party".[7]
On 9 February, thirty computer programmers walked out of the COMELEC's electronic quick count at the Philippine International Convention Center, some fearing for their safety and seeking sanctuary in Baclaran Church. The technicians—whose protest was broadcast live on national television[9]—claimed that the Marcos camp had manipulated the election results.
The Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines President Cardinal Ricardo Vidal released a declaration in lieu of the Philippine Church Hierarchy stating that "a government does not of itself freely correct the evil it has inflicted on the people then it is our serious moral obligation as a people to make it do so." The declaration also asked "every loyal member of the Church, every community of the faithful, to form their judgment about the February 7 polls" telling all the Filipinos "[n]ow is the time to speak up. Now is the time to repair the wrong. The wrong was systematically organized. So must its correction be. But as in the election itself, that depends fully on the people; on what they are willing and ready to do."[10] The United States Senate passed a resolution stating the same. This chain of events eventually led to the resignation of Marcos' Defence Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, and Armed Forces Vice-Chief of Staff General Fidel Ramos. Enrile and Ramos then secluded themselves in the military and police headquarters of Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame, respectively, leading to the People Power Revolution from 22–25 February 1986, which toppled the Marcos regime.
On 24 March 1986, the Regular Batasang Pambansa passed a "people's resolution" signed by 150 lawmakers. The resolution nullified the election returns that proclaimed Marcos and Tolentino as the winners, and instead confirmed the victory of President Aquino and Vice-President and Prime Minister Laurel.
The snap elections and its aftermath are dramatized in the 1988 film A Dangerous Life.
Results
President
Final Official Parliamentary Canvass (Nullified on March 24, 1986)
| Candidate | Party | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | |||
| Ferdinand Marcos | KBL | 10,807,197 | 53.62% | |
| Corazon Aquino | PDP-Laban | 9,291,716 | 46.10% | |
| Reuben Canoy | Social Democratic Party | 34,041 | 0.17% | |
| Narciso Padilla | Movement for Truth, Order and Righteousness | 23,652 | 0.12% | |
| Valid votes | 20,156,606 | 97.3% | ||
| Invalid votes | 559,469 | 2.7% | ||
| Votes cast | 20,716,075 | 78.8% | ||
| Registered voters | 26,278,744 | 100.00% | ||
NAMFREL Tally
Vice-President
Final Official Parliamentary Canvass (Nullified on March 24, 1986)
| Candidate | Party | Results | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | |||
| Arturo Tolentino | KBL | 10,134,130 | 50.65% | |
| Salvador Laurel | UNIDO | 9,173,105 | 45.85% | |
| Eva Estrada-Kalaw | Liberal (Kalaw Wing) | 662,185 | 3.31% | |
| Roger Arienda | Movement for Truth, Order and Righteousness | 35,974 | 0.18% | |
| Totals | 20,053,394 | 100.00% | ||
NAMFREL Tally
| Candidate | Party | Votes |
|---|---|---|
| Salvador H. Laurel | UNIDO -Nacionalista | 7,255,925 |
| Arturo M. Tolentino | KBL | 6,385,293 |
| Eva Estrada-Kalaw | Liberal (Kalaw Wing) | 591,589 |
| NAMFREL | ||
See also
- Commission on Elections
- Politics of the Philippines
- Philippine elections
- President of the Philippines
References
- ↑ http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1050573,00.html
- ↑ http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-10408.html
- ↑ http://politics.inquirer.net/politics/view/20101216-309237/Marcos-told-this-reporter-he-had-a-mission-from-God
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_883_1985.html
- ↑ http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/04/proclamation-no-2487-s-1986/
- ↑ While Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 mandated a campaign period starting on 11 December 1985, this law was put on hold until the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality on 19 December.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf
- ↑ http://www.gov.ph/1986/02/15/resolution-no-38/
- ↑ Soho, Jessica. "Walkout on 9 February 1986". via YouTube. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
- ↑ http://www.cbcponline.net/documents/1980s/1986-post_election.html
External links
- The Philippine Electoral Almanac, prepared by the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office (PCDSPO)
- Corazon C. Aquino page from the Presidential Museum and Library (also under the PCDSPO), contains results of the 1986 snap elections from the Philippine Electoral Almanac
- An Act Calling A Special Election For President And Vice-president, Providing For The Manner Of The Holding Thereof, Appropriating Funds Therefor, And For Other Purposes, Batas Pambansa Blg. 883 (National Law No. 883)
- Official website of the Commission on Elections
- "A Path to Democratic Renewal" - A Report on the February 7, 1986 Presidential Election in the Philippines by the International Observer Delegation
- 1986 Philippines Elections
- Photo Gallery of 1986 Snap Elections from the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL)
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