Phenylboronic acid

Phenylboronic acid
Identifiers
98-80-6 Yes
ChEBI CHEBI:44923 Yes
ChEMBL ChEMBL21485 Yes
ChemSpider 60191 Yes
DrugBank DB01795 Yes
EC number 202-701-9
Jmol-3D images Image
PubChem 66827
Properties
C6H7BO2
Molar mass 121.93 g/mol
Appearance white to yellow powder
Odor odorless
Melting point 216 °C (421 °F; 489 K)
0.1 g/mL in MeOH
Solubility soluble in diethyl ether, ethanol
Acidity (pKa) 8.83
Structure
Molecular shape planar
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
 -719.6 kJ/mol
Hazards
MSDS
R-phrases 22
740 mg/ml (rat, oral)
Except where noted otherwise, data is given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa)
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Infobox references

Phenylboronic acid or benzeneboronic acid, abbreviated as PhB(OH)2 where Ph is the phenyl group C6H5-, is a boronic acid containing a phenyl substituent and two hydroxyl groups attached to boron. Phenylboronic acid is white powder and is commonly used in organic synthesis. Boronic acids are mild Lewis acids which are generally stable and easy to handle, making them important to organic synthesis.

Properties

Phenylboronic acid is soluble in most polar organic solvents and is poorly soluble in hexanes and carbon tetrachloride. This planar compound has idealized C2V molecular symmetry. The boron atom is sp2-hybridized and contains an empty p-orbital. The orthorhombic crystals use hydrogen bonding to form units made up of two molecules.[1] These dimeric units are combined to give an extended hydrogen-bonded network. The molecule is planar with a minor bend around the C-B bond of 6.6o and 21.4o for the two PhB(OH)2 molecules.[2] In 1860, the first borane synthesized was ethylboronic acid. Edward Frankland was the first to prepare and isolate this boronic acid using diethylzinc and triethylborate to produced triethylborane, which oxidized in air to ethylboronic acid.[3][4][5]

Synthesis

There are numerous methods to synthesize phenylboronic acid. One of the most common synthesis uses phenylmagnesium bromide and trimethyl borate to form the ester PhB(OMe)2, which is then hydrolyzed to the product.[6]

PhMgBr + B(OMe)3 → PhB(OMe)2 + MeOMgBr
PhB(OMe)2 + H2O → PhB(OH)2 + MeOH

The trimeric anhydrides of phenylboronic acid are called boroxines. The dehydration of boronic acids creates boroxines by the thermal removal of water or the use of a dehydration agent.[7] Boroxines are isoelectronic to benzene.

Boronic esters result from the condensation of boronic acids with alcohols. This transformation is simply the replacement of the hydroxyl group by alkoxy or aryloxy groups.[2] This reversible reaction is commonly driven to product by the use of Dean-Stark apparatus or a dehydration agent to remove water.

PhB(OH)2 + 2 ROH is in equilibrium with PhB(OR)2 + 2 H2O

Since boronic acids have become important synthetic intermediates, a wide variety of methods are available to form boronic acids. Electrophilic borates can be used to trap phenylmetal intermediates from aryl halides or from directed ortho-metallation.[2] Phenylsilanes and phenylstannanes transmetalate with BBr3, followed by hydrolysis form phenylboronic acid. Aryl halides or triflates can be coupled with diboronyl reagents using transition metal catalysts. Aromatic C-H functionalization can also be done using transition metal catalysts.

Applications

Phenylboronic acid is used in numerous cross coupling reactions. In 1979, Miyarura and Suzuki found a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction (now called a Suzuki reaction) using alkenyl boranes, aryl halides, catalytic Pd(0), and base to produce arylated alkene products.[8] This method was generalized to a route producing biaryls by coupling phenylboronic acid with aryl halides.

More C-C bond forming processes commonly use phenylboronic acid as a reagent. Alpha-amino acids can be generated using the uncatalyzed reaction between alpha-ketoacids, amines, and phenylboronic acid.[9] Heck-type cross coupling of phenylboronic acid to alkenes and alkynes.[10] This unique C-C bond forming reaction has the ability to couple a terminal olefin with boronic acid using a transition metal catalyst. Aryl azides and nitroaromatics can also be generated using phenylboronic acid.[2] PhB(OH)2 can be used as a protecting group for diols and diamines. Phenylboronic acid can also be regioselectively halodeboronated using aqueous bromine, chlorine, or iodine.[11]

PhB(OH)2 + Br2 + H2O → PhBr + B(OH)3 + HBr

Phenylboronic acid is used in biology schemes as receptors and sensors for carbohydrates, antimicrobial agents and enzyme inhibitors, neutron capture therapy for cancer, transmembrane transport, and bioconjugation and labeling of proteins and cell surface.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Retting, S. J., Trotter, J. (1977). Can. J. Chem. 55: 3071–3075. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hall, D. G. Boronic Acids; WILEY-VCH: Edmonton, Canada, 2005. ISBN 3-527-30991-8
  3. ↑ Frankland, E.; Duppa, B. F. (1860). "Vorläufige Notiz über Boräthyl". Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 115 (3): 319. doi:10.1002/jlac.18601150324.
  4. ↑ Frankland, E.; Duppa, B. (1860). "On Boric Ethide". Proceedings of the Royal Society 10: 568. doi:10.1098/rspl.1859.0112.
  5. ↑ Frankland, E. (1862). "On a new series of organic compounds containing boron". J. Chem. Soc. 15: 363. doi:10.1039/JS8621500363.
  6. ↑ Wahsburn, R. M.; Levens, E.; Albright, C. F.; Billig, F. A. (1963). "Benzeneboronic anhydride". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 4, p. 68
  7. ↑ Snyder, H. R.; Kuck, J. A.; Johnson, J. R. (1938). "Organoboron Compounds, and the Study of Reaction Mechanisms. Primary Aliphatic Boronic Acids". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60: 105. doi:10.1021/ja01268a033.
  8. ↑ Miyaura, N.; Suzuki, A. (1979). "Stereoselective synthesis of arylated (E)-alkenes by the reaction of alk-1-enylboranes with aryl halides in the presence of palladium catalyst". J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. (19): 866. doi:10.1039/C39790000866.
  9. ↑ Petasis, N. A.; Xavialov, I. A. (1997). "A New and Practical Synthesis of α-Amino Acids from Alkenyl Boronic Acids". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119 (2): 445. doi:10.1021/ja963178n.
  10. ↑ Sakai, M.; Hayashi, H.; Miyaura, N. (1998). "Rhodium-Catalyzed Addition of Organoboronic Acids to Aldehydes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (23): 3279. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981217)37:23<3279::AID-ANIE3279>3.0.CO;2-M.
  11. ↑ Ainley, A. D.; Challenger, F. (1930). "Studies of the boron–carbon linkage. Part I. The oxidation and nitration of phenylboric acid". J. Chem. Soc.: 2171. doi:10.1039/JR9300002171.

Further reading