Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags

Phase out of lightweight plastic bags around the world.
◼ Plastic bags banned; ◼ A tax on some plastic bags; ◼ Partial tax or ban (municipal or regional levels)

In various parts of the world, there has been a phase-out of lightweight plastic bags. Single-use plastic shopping bags are usually distributed (for free) to customers by stores when purchasing goods. It is a popular method that is practiced in many countries for being a strong, cheap, and hygienic way of transporting items. Lightweight bags are commonly made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic.[1]

Problems associated with plastic bags include use of non-renewable resources (such as crude oil, gas and coal),[2] disposal, and environmental impacts.

A car could drive about 11 metres on the amount of petroleum used to make a single plastic bag.[1] In Australia alone 6 billion HDPE bags were used in 2002.[1] Usage reduced to 5.6 billion in 2004,[2] and 3.9 billion in 2007.[1] Plastic bags can block drains, trap birds and kill livestock. The World Wide Fund for Nature has estimated that over 100,000 whales, seals, and turtles die every year as a result of eating or being trapped by plastic bags. In India, an estimated number of 20 cows die per day as a result of ingesting plastic bags and having their digestive systems clogged by the bags. It’s is also very common across Africa to have sewers and drain systems clogged by bags which cause severe cases of malaria due to the increased population of mosquitoes that live on the flooded sewers.[3] The term white pollution has been coined to describe the local and global effects of discarded plastic bags upon the environment.

Governments all over the world have taken action to either ban the sale of lightweight bags, charge customers for lightweight bags or generate taxes from the stores who sell them.[4] Major countries such as Rwanda, China, Taiwan and Macedonia have a total ban on the bag.[4] In the United States only cities and counties have outlawed their use; however in September 2014, California became the first state to pass a law imposing a ban.

Issues

Plastic waste on the mounds of garbage in the Philippines.

Plastic bags cause many minor and major issues in geographical terms. The most general issue with plastic bags is the amount of waste produced. Many plastic bags end up on streets and are aesthetically displeasing.[1]

When disposed of properly, they take many years to decompose and break down generating large amounts of garbage over long periods of time. If not disposed of properly the bags can pollute waterways, clog sewers and have been found in oceans affecting the habitat of animals and marine creatures.[1]

Lightweight plastic bags are also blown into trees and other plants and can be mistaken for flowers by animals affecting their diet. Plastic bags break down, but they never biodegrade. As a result, any toxic additives they contain—including flame retardants, antimicrobials, and plasticizers—will be released into the environment. Many of those toxins directly affect the endocrine systems of organisms, which control almost every cell in the body.[5] Research shows the average operating 'lifespan' of a plastic bag to be approximately 20 minutes. Plastic bags can last in landfill - an anaerobic environment - for up to 1000 years.

Regional developments

Africa

Botswana

Botswana introduced a levy on plastic bags that became effective in 2007. This lead to many retailers charging a fee on plastic bags and consequently a reduction in plastic bag use.[6]

Eritrea

Eritrea banned plastic bags in 2005.[7]

Kenya

Kenya banned the manufacture and import of plastic bags from January 2011 as a way to protect the environment.[8]

Mauritania

Mauritania banned the use, manufacture and import of plastic bags from January 2013 as a way to protect the environment, livestock, and marine species.[9]

Rwanda

Rwanda prohibited shops from giving away plastic bags to their customers in 2004.[10]

South Africa

Plastic bags were a major issue in South Africa before the bag levy was introduced in 2004. Although lightweight plastic bags were banned, this was never enforced and they remain heavily in circulation still today. The thicker plastic bags are taxed and although this move initially caused outrage for consumers, this inconvenience has long been forgotten and consumers use about 8 billion plastic shopping bags every year. http://www.econrsa.org/papers/p_papers/pp18.pdf [11]

Tanzania

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar banned plastic bags in 2005.[12] Tanzania introduced a nationwide ban on plastic bags in 2006.[13]

Uganda

Heap of trash including plastic bags in Kampala, Uganda

Uganda introduced legislation in 2007 to ban the sale of lightweight plastic bags under 30 µm thick and tax thicker bags at a punitive rate of 120%. Although the laws came into effect in September of that year,[14] they have not been enforced and have failed to measurably reduce the use of plastic bags.[15]

Asia

Bangladesh

A strict ban was introduced in Bangladesh in 2002 after the occurrence of floods from 1988 to 1998 that submerged two-thirds of the country in water. The cause was from littered plastic bags.[16] But plastic bags remains a big problem for sewerage system and waterways.

China

A total plastic bag ban on ultra thin plastic bags and a fee on plastic bags was introduced in China on June 1, 2008. This came into effect because of the problems with sewerage and general waste. The country now uses over 50% fewer plastic bags saving roughly 40 billion a year.[17]

Hong Kong

Hong Kong forbids retailers from giving plastic bags under a certain thickness and for free.[4] The use of plastic bags dropped 90% after the introduction of the levy.[18]

A sign proclaiming that polythene bags thinner than 30 µm are prohibited in Kasaragod, Kerala, India.

India

In 2002, India banned the production of plastic bags below 20 µm in thickness to prevent plastic bags from clogging of the municipal drainage systems and to prevent the cows of India ingesting plastic bags as they confuse it for food.[4][19] However, enforcement remains a problem.[20]

The state of Goa has banned bags up to 40 µm thick,[21] while the city of Mumbai bans bags below a minimum thickness to 50 µm.[22]

Israel

In 2008 a bill imposing a charge on plastic bags passed through the first reading in the Knesset but did not become a law. The average use of plastic bags in Israel in 2014 was 275 per person per year.[23]

Malaysia

Malaysia enforce taxes on plastic bags on every Saturday since 2011 in state of Selangor.[24]

However, in Penang, taxes on plastic bags applies everyday.[25]

Myanmar

In 2009, plastic bag factories in Rangoon were ordered by local authorities to stop production by the end of November or face heavy punishment, as the Burmese government looked to ban plastic bags. Rangoon was thus following in the footsteps of central Burma's Mandalay and the new capital Naypyidaw, both of which had eliminated plastic bags.

Taiwan

In January 2003, Taiwan banned the free distribution of lightweight plastic bags.[26] The ban prevented the owners of department stores, shopping malls, hypermarkets, convenience stores, fast food restaurants and regular restaurants from providing free plastic bags to their customers. Many stores have replaced plastic with recycled paper boxes.[27] In 2006, however, the administration decided to begin allowing free plastic bags to be offered by food service operators.[28]

Europe

European Union

In November 2013, the European Commission published a proposal aiming to reduce the consumption of lightweight (thickness below 50 microns) plastic carrier bags.[29] Under the proposal, EU member states can choose the most appropriate measures to discourage the use of plastic bags. On 16 April 2014 the European Parliament passed a directive to reduce plastic bag use by 50% by 2017 and 80% by 2019.[30]

Denmark

In 2003, Denmark introduced a tax to retails for giving out plastic bags. This encouraged stores to charge for plastic bags and pushed the use of reusable bags. It was thought that this saved about 66% of plastic and paper bags.[31] In 2004, a similar law was passed by the Inatsisartut in Greenland, which applied a recycling tax on plastic bags.[32] By 2014 Denmark had the lowest plastic bag use in Europe, with 4 bags per person per year, compared to 466 in Portugal, Poland and Slovakia.[30]

Germany

All stores in Germany that provide plastic bags must pay a recycling tax.

Ireland

Ireland introduced a €0.15 tax in March 2002. Levied on consumers at the point of sale, this led to 90% of consumers using long-life bags within a year. The tax was increased to €0.22 in 2007. The revenue is put into an Environment Fund.[33]

Italy

In January 2011, Italy banned the distribution of plastic bags that are not from biodegradable sources.[34]

United Kingdom

Major supermarkets in the UK introduced "bags for life", reusable bags that customers are encouraged to use instead of disposable plastic bags. In 2010 research was published that showed the potential for such bags to be harmful to health if not cleaned regularly, with traces of E.coli and salmonella discovered by researchers from the University of Arizona.[35]

Wales

Wales introduced a legal minimum charge of 5 pence for almost all single use bags in October 2011. Paper and biodegradable bags are included in the charge as well as plastic bags, with only a few specific exemptions - such as for unpackaged food or medicine supplied on an NHS prescription. VAT raised from the charge is collected by the government. Retailers are asked to pass the rest of the proceeds on to charities.[36] July 2012 statistics released by the Welsh Government suggested that carrier bag use in Wales had reduced since the introduction of the charge.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland introduced a 5 pence levy on almost all single use bags on 8 April 2013. The levy will be extended to reusable carrier bags with a retail price of less than 20 pence from 19 January 2014[37] as data from a number of retailers indicate that reusable bag sales have increased by 800% since the introduction of the levy on single use bags. The proceeds of the levy (£4.17m in 2013/14) are paid to the Department of the Environment and used to fund local environmental projects and enforce the levy. Official statistics for the Northern Ireland levy show that the number of single use bags dispensed fell from around 300 million in 2012/13 to 84.5 million in 2013/14 - a reduction of 72%.[38]

Scotland

A five pence minimum charge for single-use carrier bags came into force in Scotland on 20 October 2014. The proceeds of the charge can be used by the retailers as they see fit. VAT will be collected by the government on every bag sold. The charge applies to bags of all materials, including those which are biodegradable. Bags for drugs, aquatic animals or containing goods bought on board a ship, train, aircraft, coach or bus will be exempt from the charge.[39]

England

England, where no such charge is currently imposed, experienced a rise in usage in 2012.[40] A 5 pence minimum charge for single use plastic bags is due to be introduced in England in October 2015 but will only apply to retailers with more than 250 employees. Unlike the rest of the UK, the English charge will not apply to paper bags or bags made from other natural materials.

North America

United States

While the territory of American Samoa, and the state of California have banned bags, there is currently no national plastic bag fee or ban currently in effect in the United States. Over 100 counties and municipalities have enacted ordinances either imposing a fee on plastic bags or banning them outright. California passed a law prohibiting their use in September 2014.[41] Other attempts at banning plastic shopping bags state-wide (for example in Massachusetts) have not succeeded mainly due to plastic industry lobbying.[42] A few jurisdictions have chosen to implement a fee-only approach to bag reduction by imposing a tax or a fee, such as Washington, D.C. and adjacent Montgomery County, Maryland.[43]

State/Territory Municipality Jurisdictions covered Passage date Effective date Effect
Alaska Alaska
City of Bethel Bethel July 2009 September 2010 Plastic bag ban[44]
City of Homer Homer August 2012 January 2013 Plastic bag ban.[45]
City of Hooper Bay Hooper Bay August 2010
American Samoa American Samoa American Samoa January 2010 February 2011 Plastic bag ban for all wholesale and retail businesses.[46]
California California (Local bans only)
Alameda County Alameda January 2012 January 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[47]
Albany
Berkeley, California
Dublin
Emeryville
Fremont
Hayward
Livermore
Oakland
Piedmont
Pleasanton
San Leandro
Union City
Unincorporated territories
City of Arcata Arcata - February 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[48]
City of Beverly Hills Beverly Hills April 22, 2014 July 1, 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[49]
City of Calabasas Calabasas February 2011 July 2011 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[50]
City of Capitola Capitola January 2013 April 2013 Plastic bag ban; 25 cent charge for paper bags.[51]
City of Carmel-by-the-Sea Carmel-by-the-Sea July 2012 February 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[52]
City of Carpinteria Carpinteria March 2012 July 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[53]
City of Culver City Culver City May 2013 December 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[54]
City of Cupertino Cupertino March 2013 October 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[55]
City of Dana Point Dana Point March 2012 April 2013 Plastic bag ban.[56]
City of Davis Davis November 2013 July 2014 Plastic bag ban.[57]
City of Davis Davis November 2013 July 2014 Plastic bag ban.[57]
City of Desert Hot Springs Desert Hot Springs March 2014 September 2014 Plastic bag ban. Small fee for paper bag.[58]
City of Fairfax Fairfax August 2007 November 2008 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[59]
City of Fort Bragg Fort Bragg May 2012 December 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[60]
City of Glendale Glendale January 2013 July 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[61]
City of Huntington Beach Huntington Beach April 2013 November 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[62]
City of Laguna Beach Laguna Beach February 2012 January 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[63]
City of Long Beach Long Beach Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[64]
City of Los Angeles Los Angeles June 2013 January 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[65]
Los Angeles County Unincorporated territories November 2010 January 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent minimum charge for paper bags.[66]
City of Malibu Malibu May 2008 May 2009 Plastic bag ban.[67]
City of Manhattan Beach Manhattan Beach July 2008 July 2011 Plastic bag ban.[68]
Marin County Unincorporated territories January 2011 January 2012 Plastic bag ban.[69]
City of Martinez Martinez - 2014 Plastic bag ban.[70]
Mendocino County Unincorporated territories June 2012 January 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[71]
City of Millbrae Millbrae February 2012 September 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[72]
City of Mill Valley Mill Valley October 21, 2013 November 21, 2013[73] Plastic bag ban; 5 cent charge for paper bags.[74]
City of Monterey Monterey December 2011 June 2012 Plastic bag ban; 25 cent charge for paper bags.[75]
City of Morgan Hill Morgan Hill October 2013 April 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[76]
City of Ojai Ojai April 2012 July 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[77]
City of Palo Alto Palo Alto September 2009 Paper bags required as check-out option. Large retailers banned from distributing plastic bags.[78]
May 2013 July 2013 Full plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[79]
City of Pasadena Pasadena November 2011 July 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[80]
City of Pittsburg Pittsburg October 2013 January 2014 Plastic bag ban; phased charge for paper bags until 25 cents in the third year.[81]
City of Richmond Richmond July 2013 January 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[82]
San Francisco City and County San Francisco April 2007 Limited plastic bag ban.
February 2012 October 2012 Expansion of ban to cover all retail stores in 2012 and all restaurants in 2013. 10 cent charge for paper bags.[83]
City of San Jose San Jose January 2011 January 2012 Plastic bag ban; 25 cent charge for paper bags.[84]
San Luis Obispo County Arroyo Grande January 2012 October 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[85]
Atascadero
Grover Beach
Morro Bay
Paso Robles
Pismo Beach
San Luis Obispo
Unincorporated territories
City of San Mateo San Mateo May 2013 June 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[86]
San Mateo County Belmont January 2013 April 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[87]
Brisbane March 2013
Burlingame
Campbell1 July 2013 January 2014
Colma January 2013 April 2013
Daly City
East Palo Alto April 2013 October 2013
Half Moon Bay March 2013 April 2013
Los Altos1 July 2013
Los Gatos1 September 2013 February 2014
Menlo Park January 2013 April 2013
Mountain View1 December 2012
Pacifica
Portola Valley January 2013
Redwood City March 2013 October 2013
San Bruno January 2013 April 2013
San Carlos March 2013 July 2013
South San Francisco December 2012 April 2013
Unincorporated territories November 2012
City of San Pablo San Pablo October 2013 January 2014 Plastic bag ban. Ten cent fee for paper bag.[58]
City of San Rafael San Rafael March 2014 September 2014 Plastic bag ban. Ten cent fee for paper bag.[88]
City of Santa Barbara Santa Barbara October 2013 December 2014 Plastic bag ban. Ten cent fee for paper bag.[89]
Santa Clara County Unincorporated territories April 2011 January 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[90]
City of Santa Cruz Santa Cruz July 2012 April 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[91]
Santa Cruz County Unincorporated territories September 2011 March 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[92]
October 2012 April 2013 Expansion of ban to restaurants.[93]
City of Santa Monica Santa Monica February 2011 September 2011 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent minimum charge for paper bags.[94]
City of Solana Beach Solana Beach May 2012 June 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[95]
Sonoma County Cloverdale February 2014 September 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[96]
Cotati
Healdsburg
Petaluma
Rohnert Park
Sebastopol
Windsor
Sonoma
City of South Lake Tahoe South Lake Tahoe October 2013 February 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[97]
City of Sunnyvale Sunnyvale December 2011 June 2012 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[98]
City of Truckee Truckee November 2013 June 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[99]
City of Ukiah Ukiah May 2012 February 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[100]
City of Watsonville Watsonville May 2012 June 2012 Plastic bag ban; 25 cent charge for paper bags.[101]
City of Walnut Creek Walnut Creek March 2014 September 2014 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[102]
City of West Hollywood West Hollywood August 2012 February 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[103]
Colorado Colorado2
City of Aspen Aspen October 2011 May 2012 Plastic bag ban for large retailers; 20 cent charge for paper bags.[104]
City of Boulder Boulder November 2012 July 2013 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[105]
City of Carbondale Carbondale October 2011 May 2012 Plastic bag ban for large retailers; 20 cent charge for paper bags.[105]
Town of Telluride Telluride October 2010 March 2011 Plastic bag ban; 10 cent charge for paper bags.[106]
Connecticut Connecticut Town of Westport Westport September 2008 March 2009 Plastic bag ban. Defines acceptable "recyclable paper bag" alternatives.[107]
Washington, D.C. District of Columbia Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. June 2009 August 2009 Minimum 5 cent fee for plastic bags.[108]
Hawaii Hawaii3
Hawaii County Unincorporated territories December 2011 January 2013 Ban on compostable and non-compostable plastic checkout bags. Allows plastic bags at least 3 mils.[109]
Honolulu City and County Honolulu 2014 July 2015 Bill 10 in 2010 banned some plastic checkout bags but allowed biodegradable bags. Bill 38 in 2014 banned biodegradable plastic checkout bags but allowed compostable plastic bags. Plastic bags still allowed for carrying food and drinks, plastic bags at least 2.25 mils allowed.[110]
Kauai County Unincorporated territories October 2009 January 2011 Ban on plastic checkout bags made with fossil fuels. Biodegradable bags allowed.[111]
Maui County Unincorporated territories August 2008 Ban on compostable and non-compostable plastic checkout bags. Allows plastic bags at least 3 mils.[112]
Illinois Illinois
Chicago Chicago April 30, 2014 August 2015 (larger stores) Ban affects only chains and franchise stores.[113]
City of Evanston Evanston July 28, 2014 August 1, 2015 Bans plastic bags less than 2.25 mils at chain and franchise stores over 10,000 square feet. Biodegradable bags allowed.[114]
Maine Maine Portland Portland June 2014 April 15, 2015 5-cent fee for single-use plastic (and paper) bags at pharmacies, and food and convenience stores, which is kept by the store.[115]
Maryland Maryland
Town of Chestertown Chestertown April 4, 2011 January 2012 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 2.25 mils.[116]
Montgomery County Unincorporated territories May 2011 January 2012 Minimum 5 cent fee for plastic bags.[117]
Massachusetts Massachusetts
Town of Brookline Brookline November 2012 December 2013 Plastic bag ban for larger stores (basically 2500 square feet). Reusable bags must be at least 2.25 mils.[118]
City of Cambridge Cambridge Mar 30, 2015 Mar 2016 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 3 mils.[119]
Town of Concord Concord Apr., 2015 Jan. 1, 2016 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 2.5 mils.[120]
Town of Falmouth Falmouth Nov. 2014 May 2016 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 2.5 mils.[121]
Great Barrington Great Barrington May 2013 2013 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 2.5 mils.[122]
Town of Manchester-by-the-Sea Manchester-by-the-Sea April 2013 January 2014 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 2.5 mils.[123]
Town of Marblehead Marblehead May 5, 2014 May 2015 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 3 mils.[124]
City of Newburyport Newburyport Sep. 8, 2014 Mar. 29, 2015 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 3 mils.[125]
City of Newton Newton Jan. 20, 2015 July 2015 Plastic bag ban for larger stores (basically 3500 square feet). Reusable bags must be at least 3 mils.[126]
Town of Provincetown Provincetown Oct 27, 2014 April 15, 2015 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 1.5 mils.[127]
New Mexico New Mexico City of Santa Fe Santa Fe August 2013 January 2014 Plastic bag ban thinner than 2.25 mm.[128]
New York New York
East Hampton Village East Hampton Village August 2011 February 2012 Plastic bag ban.[129]
Village of Mamaroneck Mamaroneck July 2012 January 2013 Plastic bag ban.[130]
City of Rye Rye December 2011 May 2012 Plastic bag ban.[131]
Village of Southampton Village of Southampton April 2011 November 2011 Plastic bag ban.[132]
Village of Hastings on Hudson, Town of Greenburgh Hastings on Hudson November 2014 February 2015 Plastic bag ban.[133]
North Carolina North Carolina
Outer Banks Duck June 2009 October 1, 2010 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 2.25 mils. Paper bags must be at least 40% recycled.[134]
Kill Devil Hills
Kitty Hawk
Manteo
Nag's Head
Southern Shores
Unincorporated territories
Oregon Oregon
City of Corvallis Corvallis July 2012 Plastic bag ban; 5 cent charge for paper bags.
City of Eugene Eugene October 2012 May 1, 2013 Plastic bag ban; 5 cent charge for paper bags. Reusable bags must be at least 4 mils.[135]
City of Portland Portland July 2011 October 2011 Plastic bag ban.[136] Reusable bags must be at least 4 mils.[137]
Rhode Island Rhode Island Town of Barrington Barrington October 2012 January 2013 Plastic bag ban. Reusable bags must be at least 2.25 mils.
Texas Texas
City of Austin Austin March 2012 March 2013 Plastic bag and paper bag ban. Reusable plastic bags must be at least 4 mils.[138]
City of Brownsville Brownsville December 15, 2009 January 5, 2011 Single-use bag ban. $1 charge per transaction for any number of single-use plastic or paper bags. Reusable bags must be at least 4 mils if plastic or 65# if paper.[139]
City of Dallas Dallas March 2014 Jan. 2015 5¢ fee for single-use plastic and paper bags. (Ban on all single-use bags on city property or city events.) Reusable plastic bags must be at least 4 mils.[140]
City of Fort Stockton Fort Stockton September 2011 Plastic bag ban.
City of South Padre Island South Padre Island January 2011 January 2012 Plastic bag ban.[141]
Washington (state) Washington
City of Bainbridge Island Bainbridge Island April 2012 November 2012 Plastic bag ban. 5 cent charge for paper bags.[142]
City of Bellingham Bellingham July 2011 July 2012 Plastic bag ban. 5 cent minimum charge for paper bags.[143]
City of Edmonds Edmonds July 2009 Plastic bag ban.
City of Issaquah Issaquah June 2012 March 2013 Plastic bag ban.[144]
City of Mukilteo Mukilteo December 2011 January 2013 Plastic bag ban.[145]
City of Olympia Olympia October 2013 July 2014 Plastic bag ban. 5 cent charge for paper bags.[146]
City of Port Townsend Port Townsend July 2012 November 2012 Plastic bag ban. 5 cent charge for paper bags.[147]
City of Seattle Seattle December 2011 July 2012 Plastic bag ban. Minimum 5 cent charge for paper bags.[148]
City of Shoreline Shoreline April 2013 February 2014 Plastic bag ban. 5 cent charge for paper bags.[149]
Thurston County Unincorporated territories September 2013 July 2014 Plastic bag ban. 5 cent charge for paper bags.[150]
City of Tumwater Tumwater September 2013 July 2014 Plastic bag ban. 5 cent charge for paper bags.[151]

Notes:

Canada

In Canada, the Toronto City Council voted to ban plastic bags, beginning January 1, 2013. Toronto city council voted on June 6, 2012, to ban plastic bags effective January 1, 2013, and to scrap the city's five-cent bag fee starting July 1, 2012.[153] Industry groups have convinced city officials to include a grace period between January 1, 2013, and June 30, 2013, when no fines, only warnings, can be issued.[154] The bag ban and five cent fee (six cents with HST) have both been overturned as of November 28, 2012 and it's up to individual retailers if they want to charge for plastic bags.[155] Most stores, with the exception of a few national retailers do not charge.

State/Territory Municipality Passage date Effective date Effect
Quebec Quebec
Deux-Montagnes 2009 Plastic bag ban[156]
Huntingdon 2008 Plastic bag ban including bags used for newspapers and flyers[156]

Mexico

Mexico approved legislation to ban and fine plastic bags in August 2010. However, the legislation is not observed.[157] Plastic bags are one of Mexico's biggest pollution problems.[158]

Oceania

Australia

Although the nation does not ban lightweight bags, the states of South Australia, Tasmania, and the ACT and Northern Territory, along with some cities have independently banned the bag. Coles Bay, Tasmania was the first location in Australia to ban the bag.[159] The introduction of the 'Zero Waste' program in South Australia led to its lightweight bag ban in October 2008. It is estimated that 400 million bags are saved each year.[160]

New Zealand

The government has not implemented measures to significantly lower the amount of bags, but some independent retailers have taken the approach to charge for plastic bags. In Christchurch, a kerbside program has been established to collect bags on roads and parklands to be recycled.[161] As of 2011, Our Seas Our Future in Dunedin was campaigning to ban single use plastic bags.[162]

Alternatives

Most lightweight bags are made from high density polyethylene (HDPE). A reusable but generally short-lived alternative is bags made from thicker low density polyethylene (LDPE), which are more expensive to produce.[163] Bags can also be made from biodegradable materials that will generally break down quicker than HDPE. A common material is cornstarch.[164]

Non-disposable alternatives include traditional shopping bags such as the string bag, shopping trolleys (not supermarket trolleys, but a soft bag mounted on a frame with wheels and a handle), and rucksacks.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Plastic bags". Australian Government. 5 November 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Plastic Bag Fact Sheet" (pdf). Sustainability Victoria. 9 November 2005. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  3. ↑ "Getting+Friendly+Environment"+"The+Dell+Challenge"&sourceid=opera&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8 "Getting Friendly Environment". The Dell Challenge. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kogoy, D (8 November 2010). "Plastic bag reduction around the world" (pdf). Marrickville Council.
  5. ↑ Kiener, Robert (1 July 2010). "Plastic Pollution". CQ Global Researcher: 157–184.
  6. ↑ Johane Dikgang and Martine Visser: "Behavioral Response to Plastic Bag Legislation in Botswana", in Environment for Development Discussion Paper, May 2010
  7. ↑ Department of Environmental Protection Florida: "Retail Bags Report - List of Retail Bag Policies"
  8. ↑ "Kenya bans plastic bags". The Independent UK. 9 January 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  9. ↑ "Mauritania bans plastic bag use". BBC. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  10. ↑ "Rwanda's war on plastic bags". BBC. 2004-10-04. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  11. ↑ John Roach (4 April 2008). "Plastic-Bag Bans Gaining Momentum Around the World". National Geographic. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  12. ↑ "Zanzibar islands ban plastic bags". BBC. 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  13. ↑ Pflanz, By Mike (2006-04-04). "Tanzania to ban all plastic bags". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  14. ↑ "East African ban on plastic bags". BBC. 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  15. ↑ Tenywa, Gerald (2009-01-11). "Paper bag makers shift base as kaveera ghost hits with vengeance". New Vision (Kampala). Retrieved 2012-09-29.
  16. ↑ Nicole Bogart (7 June 2012). "Top 5 places with plastic bag bans". Global News. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  17. ↑ Shi Jierui (10 July 2009). "China’s bag ban, one year later". China Dialogue. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  18. ↑ "Plastic bag ban abroad". China Network Television. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  19. ↑ "plastic pollution: cow eating a plastic bag, near the Ganges River, Allahabad, India, 2007". Britannica. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  20. ↑ Krulwich, Robert (June 9, 2008). "India Cow Killer Bagged, but Deaths Continue". NPR. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  21. ↑ TNN (May 20, 2013). "Plea to relax ban on plastic bags below 40 microns". The Times of India. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  22. ↑ Press Trust of India (Jan 2, 2010). "Mumbai to ban plastic bags; to amend law". Diligent Media Corporation Ltd. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  23. ↑ Udasin, Sharon: "Knesset bills seeks to alleviate scourge of plastic shopping bags in Israel ", in The Jerusalem Post, 10 February 2014
  24. ↑ Shaun Ho (3 January 2010). "Selangor implements ‘No Plastic Day’ every Saturday". The Star. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  25. ↑ "Launching of No Free Plastic Bags Day at Tesco Sg Dua". Penang Government. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  26. ↑ "Retail Bags Report - List of Retail Bag Policies - Asia". Department of Environmental Protection Florida. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  27. ↑ "Why plastic shopping bag bans and taxes don't work" (doc). Canadian Plastics Industry Association. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  28. ↑ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/12/18/2003340889
  29. ↑ "EUROPA - Press release - Environment: Commission proposes to reduce the use of plastic bags". European Commission. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Europe votes to slash plastic bag use", ABC News, 17 April 2014
  31. ↑ "Learn About Global Efforts to Reduce Waste from Disposable Products". Reuse it. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  32. ↑ http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554
  33. ↑ What should be done about plastic bags?
  34. ↑ "Italy Carries Out Plastic Bag Ban". Environmental Leader. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  35. ↑ Harry Wallop (30 June 2010). "Bags for life could have E.coli". The Telegraph. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  36. ↑ "Retailers". Carrier bag charge Wales. Crown. July 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  37. ↑ "NI Direct Bag Levy". Carrier bag Levy Northern Ireland. NI Direct.
  38. ↑ "NI Bag Levy Annual Statistics 2013/14". Carrier bag Levy Northern Ireland Statistics. DOE NI. Aug 2014.
  39. ↑ The Independent, 20 October 2014
  40. ↑ "WRAP 2012 Bag Data". WRAP. 18 July 2013.
  41. ↑ Llanos, Miguel (16 May 2012). "Hawaii first state to ban plastic bags at checkout". NBC News. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  42. ↑ "This time, pass California ban on plastic bags: Editorial". Los Angeles Daily News. April 18, 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  43. ↑ Verespej, Nike (16 November 2012). "Massachusetts town bans plastic bags". Waste & Recycling News. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  44. ↑ "City of Bethel Ordinance 09-12". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  45. ↑ "City of Homer Ordiance 12-36(A)". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  46. ↑ "Plastic Bag Ban". American Samoa EPA. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  47. ↑ Alameda County Waste Management Authority. "Alameda County Waste Management Authority Reusable Bag Ordinance". Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  48. ↑ "City of Arcata Ordinance 1434". Retrieved December 2013.
  49. ↑ "City of Beverly Hills, CA Bans Plastic Bags". Plastic Bag Ban Report. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  50. ↑ "City of Calabasas Ordinance 2011-282". Retrieved August 2013.
  51. ↑ "City of Capitola Ordinance Enacting Chapter 8.07". Retrieved August 2013.
  52. ↑ "City of Carmel-by-the-Sea Ordinance Banning Single-Use Plastic Bags". Retrieved August 2013.
  53. ↑ "City of Carpenteria Ordinance 655". Retrieved August 2013.
  54. ↑ "City of Culver City Ordinance Adding Chapter 11.16". Retrieved August 2013.
  55. ↑ "City of Cupertino Ordinance 13-2102". Retrieved August 2013.
  56. ↑ "City of Dana Point 12-04". Retrieved August 2013.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "City of Davis Ordinace 2422". Retrieved December 2013.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Desert Hot Springs Bag Ordinance". Retrieved April 2014.
  59. ↑ "City of Fairfax Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance". Retrieved August 2013.
  60. ↑ "City of Fort Brag Ordinance 903-2012". Retrieved August 2013.
  61. ↑ "City of Glendale Ordinance Adding Chapter 5.74". Retrieved August 2013.
  62. ↑ "City of Huntington Beach Ordinance 3975". Retrieved August 2013.
  63. ↑ "City of Laguna Beach Ordinance 1561". Retrieved August 2013.
  64. ↑ "City of Long Beach Ordinance 11-0009". Retrieved August 2013.
  65. ↑ "City of Los Angeles Ordiance 182605". Retrieved August 2013.
  66. ↑ "Los Angeles County Ordinance Amending Chapter 12". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  67. ↑ "City of Malibu Ordinance Adding Chapter 9.28". Retrieved August 2013.
  68. ↑ "Manhattan Beach Ordinance 2115". Retrieved August 2013.
  69. ↑ Marin County Board of Supervisors. "Marin County Board of Supervisors Ordinance 3553". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  70. ↑ "Martinez plastic bag ban moves forward". Retrieved December 2013.
  71. ↑ Mendocino County Board of Supervisors. "Mendocino County Board of Supervisors Ordinance 9.41". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  72. ↑ "Millbrae Ordiance 742". Retrieved August 2013.
  73. ↑ "Single-Use Disposable Bag Ban". City of Mill Valley. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  74. ↑ "Mill Valley Bag Ordinance". Retrieved August 2013.
  75. ↑ "Monterey City Ordinance Banning Plastic Bags". Retrieved August 2013.
  76. ↑ "Morgan Hill Ordinance Banning Plastic Bags". Retrieved December 2013.
  77. ↑ "City of Ojai Ordiance 817". Retrieved August 2013.
  78. ↑ "City of Palo Alto Ordinance Adding Chapter 5.35". Retrieved August 2013.
  79. ↑ "City of Palo Alto Ordinance Amending Chapter 5.35". Retrieved August 2013.
  80. ↑ "City of Pasadena Ordinance 7214". Retrieved August 2013.
  81. ↑ "Pittsburg OKs plastic bag ban". Retrieved December 2013.
  82. ↑ Rogers, Robert. "Richmond becomes first city in Contra Costa County to ban plastic bags at retail outlets". Contra Costa Times. Retrieved August 2013.
  83. ↑ San Francisco. "San Francisco Checkout Bag Ordinance Factsheet". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  84. ↑ "San Jose Ordinance 28877". City of San Jose. Retrieved August 2013.
  85. ↑ "San Luis Obispo Integrated Waste Management Authority Reusable Bag Ordinance". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  86. ↑ "San Mateo Ordinance Adding Chapter 5.86". City of San Mateo. Retrieved August 2013.
  87. ↑ Santa Mateo County. "San Mateo County Ordinance Adding Chapter 4.114". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  88. ↑ "San Rafael Ordinance". Retrieved 2014-03-09.
  89. ↑ "Santa Barbara Ordinance". Retrieved 2014-03-09.
  90. ↑ Santa Clara County. "Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors Ordinance 517.77". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  91. ↑ "Santa Cruz Ordinance Adding Chapter 6.49". City of Santa Cruz. Retrieved August 2013.
  92. ↑ Santa Cruz County. "Santa Cruz County Ordinance 5.48". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  93. ↑ Santa Cruz County. "Santa Cruz County Ordinance Amending 5.48.015 and 5.48.020". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  94. ↑ "City of Santa Monica Ordinance 2348". City of Santa Monica. Retrieved August 2013.
  95. ↑ "City of Solana Beach Ordinance 437". Retrieved August 2013.
  96. ↑ Sonoma County Waste Management Agency. "Sonoma County Waste Management Agency". Retrieved 9 March 2014.
  97. ↑ "South Lake Tahoe Ordinance". Retrieved December 2013.
  98. ↑ "City of Sunnyvale Ordinance 2965-11". Retrieved August 2013.
  99. ↑ "City of Truckee Ordinance 2013-05". Retrieved December 2013.
  100. ↑ "City of Ukiah Ordinance Adding Chapter 9". Retrieved August 2013.
  101. ↑ "City of Watsonville Ordinance Banning Plastic Bags". Retrieved August 2013.
  102. ↑ "City of Walnut Creek Ordinance Banning Plastic Bags". Retrieved April 2014.
  103. ↑ "City of West Hollywood 12-898". Retrieved August 2013.
  104. ↑ "City of Aspen Ordinance 24". Retrieved August 2013.
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 "City of Boulder Ordinance 7870". Retrieved August 2013.
  106. ↑ "City of Telluride Ordinance 1340". Retrieved August 2013.
  107. ↑ "Town of Westport, Retail Checkout Bag Ordinance". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  108. ↑ "Anacostia River Cleanup and Protection Act of 2009". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  109. ↑ "Hawaii County Ordinance 12-1". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  110. ↑ "City and County of Honolulu Bill 10 (2012)". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  111. ↑ "Kaui County Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  112. ↑ "Maui County - B.Y.O.Bag". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  113. ↑ Dardick, Hal (April 30, 2014). "Chicago aldermen vote to ban plastic bags". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  114. ↑ "Evanston City Council Approves Plastic Shopping Bag Ordinance". City of Evanston. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  115. ↑ Miller, Kevin (June 17, 2014). "Portland council adopts fee for bags, bans foam containers". The Portland Press Herald. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  116. ↑ "CHAPTER 133: PLASTIC BAG REDUCTION". TOWN OF CHESTERTOWN, MARYLAND CODE OF ORDINANCES. Town of Chestertown. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  117. ↑ "Keep your reusable bags handy whenever and wherever you shop". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  118. ↑ "Brookline bans disposable plastic check out bags in supermarkets". Boston.com. Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  119. ↑ Boroyan, Nate (Mar 31, 2015). "Cambridge Is the Largest East Coast City to Ban Single-Use, Plastic Checkout Bags". BostonInno. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  120. ↑ "Here's how you voted on Town Meeting articles". Wicked Local Concord (Gatehouse Media, Inc.). Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  121. ↑ "Falmouth becomes second Cape town to ban plastic checkout bags". Cape Cod Times (Gatehouse Media, Inc.). 2014-11-19. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  122. ↑ Sakata, John. "Great Barrington retailers ready to embrace new plastic bag ban". Berkshire Eagle. Berkshire Eagle. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  123. ↑ Nicastro, Dom. "http://www.wickedlocal.com/x1551276406/Manchester-bans-plastic-bags-in-stores". Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  124. ↑ "Marblehead Town Meeting adopts plastic-bag, Styrofoam bans; rejects CPA". Marblehead Reporter. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  125. ↑ Landergan, Katherine (September 14, 2014). "Newburyport advances toward ban on plastic shopping bags". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  126. ↑ Morrison, Jim (21 January 2015). "Newton to ban plastic bags". Gatehouse Media, Inc. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  127. ↑ "Provincetown Special Town Meeting Bans Bags". capecod.com (Cape Cod Broadcasting Media). Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  128. ↑ "Santa Fe Bag Ban Ordinance". Retrieved December 2013.
  129. ↑ "Plastic Bags Banned". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  130. ↑ "Local Law to add Chapter 281". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  131. ↑ "City of Rye - Local Law to add Chapter 154". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  132. ↑ "Southampton Plastic Bag Ban is Now in Effect". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  133. ↑ http://www.hastingsgov.org/Pages/HastingsNY_Documents/PlasticBagPLL4revised5-16-14.pdf. Retrieved February 9, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  134. ↑ "Plastic Bag Ban For Outer Banks". Retrieved August 3, 2013.
  135. ↑ "City of Eugene Bring Your Bag FAQ - RETAILERS". City of Eugene. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  136. ↑ "City of Portland Ordinance 185737 as amended". Retrieved August 1, 2013.
  137. ↑ "Single-Use Plastic Checkout Bags". City of Portland. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
  138. ↑ "Austin, Texas ordinance 20120301-078". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  139. ↑ Public Health Department. "Plastic Bag Ordinance". City of Brownsville. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  140. ↑ Ault, Josh (27 Mar 2014). "Dallas Will Charge Fees for Plastic Bag Use". KXAS-TV. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  141. ↑ "City of South Padre Island Regulation of Plastic Bags Ordinance". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  142. ↑ "Bainbridge Island Ordinance 2012-06". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  143. ↑ "City of Bellingham Ordinance 2011-07-034". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  144. ↑ "City of Issaquah Chapter 8.05". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  145. ↑ "Mukilteo Plastic Bag Reduction Ordinance". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  146. ↑ "Olympia approves plastic bag ban, focus shifts to Lacey". Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  147. ↑ "City of Port Townsend Chapter 6.25". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  148. ↑ "Seattle Ordiance No 123775". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  149. ↑ "City of Shoreline Ordinance No 653". Retrieved August 13, 2013.
  150. ↑ "Thurston County bans plastic bags in unincorporated areas". Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  151. ↑ "Tumwater bans plastic grocery-style bags". Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  152. ↑ "Citizens Group Pushes City Council to Repeal Disposable Shopping Bag Fee". Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  153. ↑ "Toronto bans plastic bags by the start of 2013". The Toronto Sun. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  154. ↑ "Toronto plastic bag ban: Bylaw ready to go for a Jan. 1 soft launch". The Toronto Star. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  155. ↑ http://www.cp24.com/news/bag-ban-overturned-shopping-bylaw-unchanged-1.1057255. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 Bruemmer, René (November 7, 2014). "Can Montreal's proposed ban on plastic bags work?". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  157. ↑ "Mexico rejects plastic bag bans, embraces industry plan to boost recycling". Plastic News. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 2 Nov 2013.
  158. ↑ "Mexico City bans free plastic bags". British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  159. ↑ "Tasmania carries eco-fight, bans plastic bags". Mail & Guardian. 29 April 2003. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  160. ↑ "Plastic Bag Ban". Zero Waste South Australia. 28 Feb 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  161. ↑ "Plastic Bags". Zerowaste New Zealand. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
  162. ↑ Ban Plastic Bags New Zealand
  163. ↑ "Plastic Bag Facts". Clean Up Australia. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  164. ↑ "Biodegradable Plastic". EarthBasics Pty Ltd. 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

External links