Perceived Stress Scale

The Perceived Stress Scale was developed to measure the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Psychological stress has been defined as the extent to which persons perceive (appraise) that their demands exceed their ability to cope.

The PSS was published in 1983,[1] and has become one of the most widely used[2] psychological instruments for measuring nonspecific perceived stress. It has been used in studies assessing the stressfulness of situations,[3][4] the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions,[5][6][7][8] and the extent to which there are associations between psychological stress and psychiatric and physical[9][10][11] disorders.

The PSS predicts both objective biological markers of stress and increased risk for disease among persons with higher perceived stress levels. For example, those with higher scores (suggestive of chronic stress) on the PSS fend worse on biological markers of aging,[12] cortisol levels,[13][14][15] immune markers,[16][17][18][19] depression,[20] infectious disease,[21][22] wound healing,[23] and prostate-specific antigen levels in men.[24]

The Perceived Stress scale was developed by Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues.[1]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cohen, S; Kamarck T; Mermelstein R (December 1983). "A global measure of perceived stress". Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24 (4): 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404. PMID 6668417.
  2. ↑ "Perceived Stress Scale: Measuring the self-perception of stress". 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
  3. ↑ Leon, KA; Hyre AD; Ompad D; DeSalvo KB; Muntner P (December 2007). "Perceived stress among a workforce 6 months following hurricane Katrina". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 42 (12): 1005–1011. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0260-6. PMID 17932611.
  4. ↑ McAlonan, GM; Lee AM; Cheung V; Cheung C; Tsang KWT; Sham PC; Chua SE; Josephine GWS (April 2007). "Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52 (4): 241–247. PMID 17500305.
  5. ↑ Cruess, DG; Antoni MH; Kumar M; Ironson G; McCabe P; Fernandez JB; Fletcher M; Schneiderman N (July 1999). "Cognitive-behavioral stress management buffers decreases in dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and increases in the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio and reduces mood disturbance and perceived stress among HIV-seropositive men". Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (5): 537–549. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00010-4. PMID 10378240.
  6. ↑ Holzel, BK; Carmody J; Evans KC; Hoge EA; Dusek JA; Morgan L; Pitman RK; Lazar SW (March 2010). "Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala". Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience 5 (1): 11–17. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp034. PMC 2840837. PMID 19776221.
  7. ↑ Lane, JD; Seskevich JE; Pieper CF (Jan–Feb 2007). "Brief meditation training can improve perceived stress and negative mood". Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine 13 (1): 38–44. PMID 17283740.
  8. ↑ Marcus, MT; Fine PM; Moeller FG; Khan MM; Pitts K; Swank PR; Liehr P (September 2003). "Change in Stress Levels Following Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in a Therapeutic Community". Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 2 (3): 63–68. doi:10.1097/00132576-200302030-00001.
  9. ↑ Culhane, JF; Rauh V; McCollum KF; Hogan VK; Agnew K; Wadhwa PD (June 2001). "Maternal stress is associated with bacterial vaginosis in human pregnancy". Maternal and Child Health Journal 5 (2): 127–134. doi:10.1023/A:1011305300690. PMID 11573838.
  10. ↑ Garg, A; Chren MM; Sands LP; Matsui MS; Marenus KD; Feingold KR; Elias PM (January 2001). "Psychological stress perturbs epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis: implications for the pathogenesis of stress-associated skin disorders". Archives of Dermatology 137 (1): 53–59. doi:10.1001/archderm.137.1.53. PMID 11176661.
  11. ↑ Kramer, JR; Ledolter J; Manos GN; Bayless ML (Winter 2000). "Stress and metabolic control in diabetes mellitus: methodological issues and an illustrative analysis". Annals of Behavioral Medicine 22 (1): 17–28. doi:10.1007/BF02895164. PMID 10892525.
  12. ↑ Epel, ES; Blackburn EH, Lin J, Dhabhar FS, Cawthon RMMorrow JD, Adler NE, (December 2004). "Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (49): 17312–17315. doi:10.1073/pnas.0407162101. PMC 534658. PMID 15574496.
  13. ↑ Malarkey, WB; Pearl DK; Demers LM; Kiecolt-Glaser JK; Glaser R (1995). "Influence of academic stress and season on 24-hour mean concentrations of ACTH, cortisol, and beta-endorphin". Psychoneuroendocrinology 20 (5): 499–508. doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)00077-N. PMID 7675934.
  14. ↑ Pruessner, JC; Hellhammer DH; Kirschbaum C (Mar–Apr 1999). "Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening". Psychosomatic Medicine 61 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00012. PMID 10204973.
  15. ↑ van Eck, MM; Nicolson NA (1994). "Perceived stress and salivary cortisol in daily life". Annals of Behavioral Medicine 16 (3): 221–227.
  16. ↑ Maes, M; Van Bockstaele DR (1999). "The effects of psychological stress on leukocyte subset distribution in humans: evidence of immune activation". Neuropsychobiology 39 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1159/000026552. PMID 9892853.
  17. ↑ Burns, VE; Drayson M; Ring C; Carroll D (Nov–Dec 2002). "Perceived stress and psychological well-being are associated with antibody status after meningitis C conjugate vaccination". Psychosomatic Medicine 64 (6): 963–970. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000038936.67401.28. PMID 12461201.
  18. ↑ Cohen, S; Doyle WJ; Skoner DP (Mar–Apr 1999). "Psychological stress, cytokine production, and severity of upper respiratory illness". Psychosomatic Medicine 61 (2): 175–180. PMID 10204970.
  19. ↑ Glaser, R; Kiecolt-Glaser JK; Marucha PT; MacCullum RC; Laskowski BF; Malarkey WB (May 1999). "Stress-related changes in proinflammatory cytokine production in wounds". Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (5): 450–456. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.450. PMID 10232300.
  20. ↑ Carpenter, LL; Tyrka AR; McDougle CJ; Malison RT; Owens MJ; Nemeroff CB; Price LH (April 2004). "Cerebrospinal fluid corticotropin-releasing factor and perceived early-life stress in depressed patients and healthy control subjects". Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (4): 777–784. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300375. PMID 14702025.
  21. ↑ Cohen, S; Tyrrell DA; Smith AP (January 1993). "Negative life events, perceived stress, negative affect, and susceptibility to the common cold". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1): 131–140. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.131. PMID 8421249.
  22. ↑ Dyck, DG; Short R; Vitaliano PP (Jul–Aug 1999). "Predictors of burden and infectious illness in schizophrenia caregivers". Psychosomatic Medicine 61 (4): 411–419. PMID 10443748.
  23. ↑ Ebrecht, M; Hextall J; Kirtley LG; Taylor A; Dyson M; Weinman J (July 2004). "Perceived stress and cortisol levels predict speed of wound healing in healthy male adults". Psychoneuroendocrinology 29 (6): 798–809. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00144-6. PMID 15110929.
  24. ↑ Stone, AA; Mezzacappa ES; Donatone BA; Gonder M (September 1999). "Psychosocial stress and social support are associated with prostate-specific antigen levels in men: results from a community screening program". Health Psychology 18 (5): 482–486. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.18.5.482. PMID 10519464.

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