People's Government of Lithuania

The People's Government of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Liaudies vyriausybė) was a puppet cabinet installed by the Soviet Union in Lithuania immediately after Lithuania's acceptance of the Soviet ultimatum of June 14, 1940. The formation of the cabinet was supervised by Vladimir Dekanozov, deputy of Vyacheslav Molotov and a close associate of Lavrentiy Beria, who selected Justas Paleckis as the Prime Minister and acting President. The government was formed on June 17 and, together with the People's Seimas (parliament), transitioned independent Lithuania to a socialist republic and the 14th republic of the Soviet Union thus legitimizing Soviet occupation of Lithuania. The People's Government was replaced by the Council of People's Commissars of the Lithuanian SSR on August 25. Similar transitional People's Governments were formed in Latvia (Prime Minister Augusts Kirhenšteins supervised by Andrey Vyshinsky) and Estonia (Prime Minister Johannes Vares supervised by Andrei Zhdanov).

Formation

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. The Baltic states became part of the Russian sphere. Instead of outright military invasion, Soviet Union followed semi-legal procedures to legitimize its occupation of Lithuania. The plan of action was developed by the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in September–October 1939 when Soviet Union annexed territories of Poland.[1] The first step was the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty of October 1939: Lithuania agreed to station up to 20,000 Soviet troops in exchange for a portion of the Vilnius Region. Next, was the Soviet ultimatum of June 14, 1940 that demanded to form a new government more capable of adhering to the Mutual Assistance Pact and to allow "sufficiently large" number of Soviet troops to enter the Lithuanian territory.

The Lithuanian government debated the response to the ultimatum on the night of June 13 to 14 and decided to accept it unconditionally because effective military resistance against a much larger Red Army was virtually impossible. During the debate, Prime Minister Antanas Merkys resigned making way for general Stasys Raštikis who was previously given a tacit approval by Vyacheslav Molotov. However, Raštikis was not approved by Molotov and Merkys continued as acting Prime Minister. Vladimir Dekanozov was dispatched from Moscow to oversee formation of an acceptable government. President Antanas Smetona, fearing Soviet persecutions, fled to Nazi Germany and heeded no calls for him to return.

In the morning of June 16, the Lithuanian government decided that Smetona's emigration was in effect a resignation and granted full presidential powers to Merkys while Kazys Bizauskas became acting Prime Minister. At the same time, Minister of Defence Kazys Musteikis, who fled to Germany with Smetona, was replaced by Vincas Vitkauskas. It appears that the Lithuanians were acting on their own accord and that Dekanozov was not involved in making this transition.[2] On June 17, Merkys appointed Justas Paleckis the new Prime Minister and confirmed a new cabinet, which became known as the People's Government. Merkys and Bizauskas then resigned. Paleckis assumed the presidency and appointed writer Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius as deputy Prime Minister. Scholars continue to debate whether the successive changes in the government were constitutional: care was given to observe constitutional formalities as much as possible. However, such debates distract from the fact that the government changes were made under duress and influence of a foreign occupying power.

Membership

In the first days of occupation, Dekanozov focused public's attention on the "cowardly" flight of Smetona and portrayed the changes in Lithuania as destruction of his authoritarian regime. The public was told that the Soviets would protect and respect Lithuanian independence. Lithuanian activists, including Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius, claimed that they believed the Soviets and had hopes to restore democratic Lithuania as it existed prior to the 1926 coup. In the meantime, Dekanozov worked to recruit a sympathetic but non-communist government that could be easily manipulated into implementing various sovietization policies.[3] Indeed, none of the first ministers of the People's Government were communists. The fact that the Soviets did not immediately install a communist government calmed people's nerves.[4] In addition, the Communist Party of Lithuania, which had been outlawed and persecuted in independent Lithuania, was small, weak, and not yet ready for the job of running a government. Moscow also considered it unreliable due to suspected influence of Trotskyism among its ranks.[5]

For Prime Minister, Dekanozov selected a known leftist journalist and fellow traveler Justas Paleckis. Later in his memoirs, Paleckis claimed that the offer came as a complete surprise. Writer Vincas Krėvė-Mickevičius was selected for the second most important post. He gave the new government a desired public image.[6] He became perhaps the most controversial figure of the People's Government. He was the first to voice his objections to incorporation of Lithuania into the Soviet Union. On July 1, after an in-person meeting with Molotov, Krėvė-Mickevičius submitted his resignation, but Paleckis refused it. He then took an extended vacation and was replaced by communist Mečislovas Gedvilas. Ernestas Galvanauskas remained as Minister of Finance. Having served as Prime Minister twice, Galvanauskas was an established political leader and opponent of Smetona's regime.[6] General Vincas Vitkauskas was a veteran of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and Klaipėda Revolt. The government thus appeared to be left-leaning but non-communist.

Activities

On June 17, six initial members of the new government were sworn in. Paleckis was unprepared for the role as Prime Minister and had little idea of what he should be doing. However, the very next day, he announced a government program, apparently handed to him by Dekanozov. The program denounced Smetona's regime and stressed friendly relationship with the Soviet Union. In internal matters, the program called for disbandment of the Fourth Seimas (the parliament), release of political prisoners (many of them communists), reforms in education and healthcare. The program made no mention of far-reaching social and economic reforms needed to convert Lithuania into a socialist republic.

Cabinet members

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Senn (2007), p. 125
  2. ↑ Senn (2007), pp. 108–109
  3. ↑ Senn (2007), p. 127
  4. ↑ Senn (2007), p. 128
  5. ↑ Senn (2007), p. 137
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Senn (2007), p. 142
References