Peace of Basel
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Map shows Central Europe after the Peace of Basel and the Treaty of Campo Formio. | |
| Context |
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|---|---|
| Signed | 5 April 1795 |
| Location | Basel, Swiss Confederation |
| Signatories |
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The Peace of Basel of 1795 consists of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution (represented by François de Barthélemy).
- The first of the three treaties of 1795 (First Treaty of Basel), France made peace with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April;[1][2]
- The second was with Spain (represented by Domingo d'Yriarte) on 22 July, ending the War of the Pyrenees; and
- The third was with the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (represented by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen) on 28 August, concluding the stage of the French Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition.
Impact
In a manoeuver of great diplomatic cunning the treaties enabled France to placate and divide its enemies (the allies of the First Coalition) one by one, and thereafter revolutionary France emerged as a major European power.[3]
The agreement of 5 April 1795 between France and Prussia had been under discussion since 1794. Prussia withdrew from the coalition that was working on the impending partition of Poland, and where appropriate, withdrew its troops that were aligned against Austria and Russia. (see also the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars) In secret Prussia recognized French control of the west bank of the Rhine, pending a cession by the Imperial Diet, while France returned all of the lands east of the Rhine captured during the war. On the night of 6 April the document was signed by the representatives of France and Prussia, François de Barthélemy and Karl August von Hardenberg. They were not face to face, each was in his own accommodation in Rosshof or the Markgräflerhof, and the papers were passed around by a courier. The contract that ceded the left bank of the Rhine was in a secret article, along with the promise that it would indemnify the right bank, if the left bank of the Rhine should be covered in a final general peace in France. Peter Ochs drew up the Treaty and served as a mediator for a significant proportion of these financial statements.
Prussia stuck to the agreement of the Treaty of Basel until 1806, when it joined the Fourth Coalition.
In the second 1795 Treaty of Basel (22 July) Spain ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola to France in exchange for keeping Gipuzkoa. The French also came at night to sign the peace treaty between France and Spain, where Spain was represented by Domingo d'Yriarte . This time it was done in the mansion of Peter Ochs, the Holsteinerhof. It was signed for Spain by Don Domingo d'Yriarte.
These treaties with Prussia and Spain had the effect of breaking the alliance between the French Republic's two main opponents of the 1st Coalition war.
On 28 August 1795 the third part of the Treaty of Basel was completed. This was a peace between France and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel; signed by Friedrich Sigismund Waitz von Eschen.
There was also an agreement to exchange the Austrian troops that had been captured in Belgium.
See also
References
- ↑ Treaty of Basel 1795 emersonkent.com at http://www.emersonkent.com/historic_documents/treaty_of_basel_1795.htm
- ↑ Engels, Ernst August Richard. Friedrich Nicolais "Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek" und der Friede von Basel 1795. Published: Würzburg, Buchdruckerei R. Mayr, 1936
- ↑ Francois Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989) pp 151-54
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