Patricia Bath

Patricia Era Bath

Picture of Bath
Born November 4, 1942
Manhattan, New York, US
Occupation Ophthalmologist, inventor, humanitarian
Known for Invention of Laserphaco Probe

Patricia Era Bath (born November 4, 1942 in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City) is an American ophthalmologist, inventor and academic. She has broken ground for women and African Americans in a number of areas. Prior to Bath, no woman had served on the staff of the Jules Stein Eye Institute, headed a post-graduate training program in ophthalmology, or been elected to the honorary staff of the UCLA Medical Center (an honor bestowed on her after her retirement). Before Bath, no black person had served as a resident in ophthalmology at New York University and no black woman had ever served on staff as a surgeon at the UCLA Medical Center. Bath is the first African-American woman doctor to receive a patent for a medical purpose. Her Laserphaco Probe is used to treat cataracts. The holder of four patents, she also founded the company of the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness in Washington, D.C.

Early life and education

Born on November 4, 1942 in Harlem, Manhattan, Bath was the daughter of Rupert and Gladys Bath.[1] Her father, an immigrant from Trinidad, was a newspaper columnist, a merchant seaman and the first black man to work for the New York City Subway as a motorman.[1][2] Raised in Harlem, Bath was encouraged academically by her parents.

Inspired by Albert Schweizer[2] for his work in medicine, Bath applied for and won a National Science Foundation Scholarship while attending Charles Evans Hughes High School; this led her to a research project at Yeshiva University and Harlem Hospital Center on cancer that piqued her interest in medicine.[3][4] In 1960, still a teenager, Bath won the "Merit Award" of Mademoiselle magazine for her contribution to the project.[2]

After graduating high school early, Bath received her Bachelor of Arts in chemistry from Manhattan's Hunter College in 1964.[5] She relocated to Washington, D.C. to attend Howard University College of Medicine, from which she received her doctoral degree in 1968.[6] During her time at Howard, she was president of the Student National Medical Association and received fellowships from the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Mental Health.[7]

Bath interned at Harlem Hospital Center, subsequently serving as a fellow at Columbia University.[4] During this period, from 1968 to 1970,[8] Bath became aware that the practice of eye care was uneven among racial minorities and poor populations, with much higher incidence of blindness among her black and poor patients.[7][8] She determined that, as a physician, she would help address this issue.[7] She persuaded her professors from Columbia to operate on blind patients at Harlem Hospital Center, which had not previously offered eye surgery, at no cost.[8] Bath pioneered the worldwide discipline of "community ophthalmology", a volunteer-based outreach to bring necessary eye care to underserved populations.[8]

She served her residency in ophthalmology at New York University from 1970 to 1973, the first African American to do so in her field.[7][8]

Career

After completing her education, Bath served briefly as an assistant professor at Jules Stein Eye Institute at UCLA and Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science before becoming the first woman on faculty at the Eye Institute.[7][7][8][9] In 1978, Bath co-founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness, for which she served as president.[8][10][11] In 1983, she became the head of a residency in her field at Charles R. Drew, the first woman ever to head such a department.[7][8] In 1993, she retired from UCLA, which subsequently elected her the first woman on its honorary staff.[1][7] She served as a professor of Ophthalmology at Howard University's School of Medicine and as a professor of Telemedicine and Ophthalmology at St. Georges University.[11][12] She was among the co-founders of the King-Drew Medical Center ophthalmology training program.[13]

Bath has lectured internationally and authored over 100 papers.[13]

Inventions

Bath holds four patents in the United States.[5] In 1981, she conceived of the Laserphaco Probe, a medical device that improves on the use of lasers to remove cataracts, and "for ablating and removing cataract lenses".[5] The device was completed in 1986 after Bath conducted research on lasers in Berlin and patented in 1988,[14] making her the first African-American female doctor to receive a patent for a medical purpose.[15] The device — which quickly and nearly painlessly dissolves the cataract with a laser, irrigates and cleans the eye and permits the easy insertion of a new lens — is used internationally to treat the disease.[1][5][16] Bath has continued to improve the device and has successfully restored vision to people who have been unable to see for decades.[11][17]

Three of Bath's four patents relate to the Laserphaco Probe.[11] In 2000, she was granted a patent for a method she devised for using ultrasound technology to treat cataracts.[6]

Honors

Bath has been honored by two of her universities. Hunter College placed her in its "hall of fame" in 1988 and Howard University declared her a "Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine" in 1993.[6]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Patricia Bath" (Black Inventor On-Line Museum.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lambert (2007), p. 70.
  3. ↑ Henderson (1998), p. 9.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Williams (2011), p. 45.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Wilson and Wilson (2003), p. 25.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lambert (2007), p. 72.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Lambert (2007), p. 71.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "Dr. Patricia E. Bath" (NIMH)
  9. ↑ Henderson (1998), p. 10.
  10. ↑ Henderson (1998), p. 13.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Modern Black Inventorys" (Jet, 2002), p. 55.
  12. ↑ "Modern Black Inventors" (Ebony, 1998), p. 158.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 U.S. Black Engineer & IT (1997), p. 42.
  14. ↑ Henderson (1998), pp. 10, 12.
  15. ↑ Henderson (1998), p. 12.
  16. ↑ Lambert (2007), p. 73.
  17. ↑ Stewart (2005), p. 57.

Sources

  • "Dr. Patricia E. Bath". Changing the Face of Medicine. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  • Henderson, Susan K. (March 1, 1998). African-American Inventors III. Capstone Press. ISBN 978-1-56065-698-2.
  • Lambert, Laura (September 1, 2007). Inventors and Inventions. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7763-1.
  • "Modern Black Inventors". Ebony (Johnson Publishing Company) 53 (12). October 1998. ISSN 0012-9011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  • "Modern Black Inventors". Jet (Johnson Publishing Company) 101 (7). February 4, 2002. ISSN 0021-5996. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  • "1997 Women of Color". U.S. Black Engineer & IT. October–November 1997. ISSN 1088-3444.
  • "Patricia Bath". Black Inventor On-Line Museum. Adscape International. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  • Stewart, David (October 1, 2005). What's the Big Idea?. Salariya Publishers. ISBN 978-1-904642-56-5.
  • Williams, James Henry (January 21, 2011). African American Inventors and Pioneers. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4568-4000-6.
  • Wilson, Donald; Jane Wilson (June 20, 2003). The Pride of African American History. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4107-2873-9.

External links