Parechovirus

Parechovirus
Virus classification
Group: Group IV ((+)ssRNA)
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus: Parechovirus
Type species
Parechovirus A

Parechovirus is a viral genus in the family Picornaviridae. The genus is composed of two species: Parechovirus A, also called human parechoviruses and Parechovirus B, more commonly known as the Ljungan virus.[1]

Taxonomy

Six types of human parechovirus have been identified: human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1, formerly echovirus 22), human parechovirus 2 (formerly echovirus 23), and human parechoviruses 3, 4, 5 and 6.[2][3][4]

A total of 15 genotypes are currently recognised.[5]

Clinical

Human parechoviruses cause mild, gastrointestinal or respiratory illness, but have been implicated in cases of myocarditis and encephalitis. Human parechoviruses are commonly spread and more than 95% of humans are infected by human parechoviruses early in life, within two to five years of age.[6][7]

Parechovirus B has been proposed as a zoonotic virus, associated with diabetes and intrauterine fetal death in humans.[8][9] However, the data regarding these features are currently limited and need to be confirmed.

History

The first parechoviruses (E22 and E23) were isolated in 1956, and recognized as a new genus in 1996.[10][11] Parechovirus B was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus, formerly Clethrionomys glareolus) in the mid-1990s.[12]

Human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) has been found in 17 young infants this summer so far, causing significant illness and meningitis. This is a higher number than expected, and is thought to be linked to maternal-fetal transmission.[13]

References

  1. ↑ "Parechovirus". Retrieved 2007-09-03.
  2. ↑ Ito M, Yamashita T, Tsuzuki H, Takeda N and Sakae K (2004). "Isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus". J. Gen. Virol. 85 (2): 391–398. doi:10.1099/vir.0.19456-0. PMID 14769896.
  3. ↑ Al-Sunaidi M, Williams CH, Hughes PJ, Schnurr DP, Stanway G (2007). "Analysis of a new human parechovirus allows the definition of parechovirus types and the identification of RNA structural domains". J. Virol. 81 (2): 1013–21. doi:10.1128/JVI.00584-06. PMC 1797470. PMID 17005640.
  4. ↑ Watanabe K, Oie M, Higuchi M, Nishikawa M, Fujii M. Isolation and characterization of novel human parechovirus from clinical samples. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007 Jun;13(6):889-95.
  5. ↑ Chieochansin T, Vichiwattana P, Korkong S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y (2011) Molecular epidemiology, genome characterization, and recombination event of human parechovirus. Virology
  6. ↑ Stanway G, Joki-Korpela P, Hyypiä T (2000). "Human parechoviruses--biology and clinical significance". Rev. Med. Virol. 10 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(200001/02)10:1<57::AID-RMV266>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 10654005.
  7. ↑ Joki-Korpela P, Hyypiä T (2001). "Parechoviruses, a novel group of human picornaviruses". Ann. Med. 33 (7): 466–71. doi:10.3109/07853890109002095. PMID 11680794.
  8. ↑ Niklasson B, Samsioe A, Papadogiannakis N, Kawecki A, Hörnfeldt B, Saade GR, Klitz W (2007). "Association of zoonotic Ljungan virus with intrauterine fetal deaths". Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 79 (6): 488–93. doi:10.1002/bdra.20359. PMID 17335057.
  9. ↑ Niklasson B, Heller KE, Schonecker B, Bildsoe M, Daniels T, Hampe CS, Widlund P, Simonson WT, Schaefer JB, Rutledge E, Bekris L, Lindberg AM, Johansson S, Örtqvist E, Persson B, Lernmark Å (2003). "Development of type 1 diabetes in wild bank voles associated with islet autoantibodies and the novel ljungan virus". Int. J. Exp. Diabesity. Res. 4 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1080/15438600303733. PMC 2480497. PMID 12745669.
  10. ↑ Stanway, G., & Hyypiä, T. (1999). "Parechoviruses.". Journal of virology 73 (7): 5249–5254.
  11. ↑ Pringle, C.R. (1996). "Virus Taxonomy 1996". Archives of Virology 141 (11): 2251–2256. doi:10.1007/BF01718231.
  12. ↑ Niklasson B, Kinnunen L, Hörnfeldt B, Hörling J, Benemar C, Hedlund KO, Matskova L, Hyypiä T, Winberg G (1999). "A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)". Virology 255 (1): 86–93. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9557. PMID 10049824.
  13. ↑ "Viral meningitis in Kansas City-area babies probed". The Kansas City Star. The Associated Press. August 13, 2014.

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